High-entropy alloys (HEAs) comprising five or more elements in near-equiatomic proportions have attracted ever increasing attention for their distinctive properties, such as exceptional strength, corrosion resistance, high hardness, and excellent ductility. The presence of multiple adjacent elements in HEAs provides unique opportunities for novel and adaptable active sites. By carefully selecting the element configuration and composition, these active sites can be optimized for specific purposes. Recently, HEAs have been shown to exhibit remarkable performance in electrocatalytic reactions. Further activity improvement of HEAs is necessary to determine their active sites, investigate the interactions between constituent elements, and understand the reaction mechanisms. Accordingly, a comprehensive review is imperative to capture the advancements in this burgeoning field. In this review, we provide a detailed account of the recent advances in synthetic methods, design principles, and characterization technologies for HEA-based electrocatalysts. Moreover, we discuss the diverse applications of HEAs in electrocatalytic energy conversion reactions, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, hydrogen oxidation reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, and alcohol oxidation reaction. By comprehensively covering these topics, we aim to elucidate the intricacies of active sites, constituent element interactions, and reaction mechanisms associated with HEAs. Finally, we underscore the imminent challenges and emphasize the significance of both experimental and theoretical perspectives, as well as the potential applications of HEAs in catalysis. We anticipate that this review will encourage further exploration and development of HEAs in electrochemistry-related applications.

High-entropy alloys in electrocatalysis: from fundamentals to applications.

Exploiting highly active and bifunctional catalysts for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) is a prerequisite for the hydrogen acquisition. High-entropy materials have received widespread attention in catalysis, but the high-performance bifunctional electrodes are still lacking. Herein, a novel P-modified amorphous high-entropy CoFeNiCrMn compound is developed on nickel foam (NF) by one-step electrodeposition strategy. The achieved CoFeNiCrMnP/NF delivers remarkable HER and HzOR performance, where the overpotentials as low as 51 and 268 mV are realized at 100 mA cm-2 . The improved cell voltage of 91 mV is further demonstrated at 100 mA cm-2 by assessing CoFeNiCrMnP/NF in the constructed hydrazine-assisted water electrolyser, which is almost 1.54 V lower than the HER||OER system. Experimental results confirm the important role of each element in regulating the bifuncational performance of high-entropy catalysts. The main influencing elements seem to be Fe and Ni for HER, while the P-modification and Cr metal may contribute a lot for HzOR. These synergistic advantages help to lower the energy barriers and improve the reaction kinetics, resulting in the excellent bifunctional activity of the CoFeNiCrMnP/NF. The work offers a feasible strategy to develop self-supporting electrode with high-entropy materials for overall water splitting.

Phosphorus-Modified Amorphous High-Entropy CoFeNiCrMn Compound as High-Performance Electrocatalyst for Hydrazine-Assisted Water Electrolysis.

As a clean energy carrier, hydrogen energy has become part of the global clean energy strategy and one of the necessary routes to achieve global carbon neutrality. Driven by renewable electricity, water electrolysis promises to be an ideal long-term hydrogen production method that can realize net zero carbon emissions. Compared with conventional alloys, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have much more catalytic active sites due to their unique structural features including occupation disorder and lattice ordering. They have various promising applications in the field of hydrolysis catalysts. Herein, in this review, the mechanisms of electrolysis of water, catalytic principles of HEAs in hydrolysis processes and latest research progress of HEAs as water electrolysis catalysts are summarized. We also provide perspectives on the difficulties and potential linked to novel HEA design approaches in this attractive sector, with a focus on the connection between both the surface morphology and the catalysis activity. The compositions and possible applications of HEAs in water electrolysis and other emerging fields are outlined. 

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High-entropy alloys in water electrolysis: Recent advances, fundamentals, and challenges

In light of the increasing concern for sustainable growth and development, there is a rising demand for energy-efficient conversion processes. Chemical Looping (CL) technology has emerged as a promising solution that utilizes chemical intermediates, such as metal oxides or other metal derivatives, to decompose complex reactions into multiple sub-reaction steps. This innovative approach enables the separation of the overall reaction into distinct stages, which can be conducted in separate reactors. Consequently, the direct contact between inert substances present in reactant feedstocks and the desired product can be avoided, leading to reduced purification costs. This state-of-the-art literature review provides an updated overview of the potential of perovskite structures in chemical looping technology. Perovskite materials exhibit desirable properties, including excellent oxygen transport capabilities, high chemical stability, and adjustable redox properties, making them ideal candidates for CL applications. By examining recent advancements and research efforts, this review aims to shed light on the current state of perovskite based CL, its challenges, and future prospects. The findings presented here contribute to the understanding of the potential of perovskite structures in enabling energy-efficient and sustainable chemical conversion processes. This review includes two major parts, the first part is dedicated to the structure of the perovskites and the corresponding classifications based on the cell structure, ionic size cation phase, and dimension, while the second part of the work focuses on the applications of those structures in seven different chemical looping technologies, including chemical looping combustion (CLC), chemical looping reforming (CLR), chemical looping gasification (CLG), chemical looping oxygen uncoupling (CLOU), chemical looping air separation (CLAS), chemical looping dehydrogenation (CLDH), and chemical looping epoxidation (CLEPOX). 

Exploring the potential of perovskite structures for chemical looping technology: A state-of-the-art review

Design of Advanced Electrocatalysts for the High-Entropy Alloys: Principle, Progress, and Perspective

Double Adjustment of Ni and Co in Ceo2/La2ni2-Xcoxo6 Double Perovskite Type Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Steam Methane Reforming

Spills of hydraulic fracturing (HF) fluids and of produced water during unconventional gas extraction operations may cause soil contamination. We studied the degradation and microbial toxicity of selected HF chemical components including two biocides (methylisothiozolinone- MIT, chloromethylisothiozolinone- CMIT), a gel-breaker aid (triethanolamine -TEA), and three geogenic chemicals (phenol, m-cresol and p-cresol) in ultrapure water, HF fluid and produced water in five different soil types (surface and subsurface soils). The degradation of the two biocides (in soils treated with HF fluid or ultrapure water) and of the three geogenic chemicals (in soils treated with produced water) was rapid (in all cases DT50 values < 2 days in surface soils). In contrast, the loss of TEA was much slower in soils, especially in those treated with HF fluid (DT50 > 30 days). Sorption coefficients (Koc in L/Kg) in these soils ranged from 71 to 733 for TEA, 64-408 for MIT and 11-72 for CMIT. In terms of soil microbial toxicity, exposure to HF fluid and produced water reduced microbial respiration, albeit temporarily. The overall microbial activities in surface soils contaminated with produced water had fully recovered in most soils. In contrast, the HF fluid addition to soils completely inhibited the nitrification in all soils, with little recovery over the 60 day experimental period. In the case of produced water exposure, three out of five surface soils showed complete recovery in nitrification during the study period. The functional genes for nitrogen fixation (nifH) and carbon cycling (GA1) and microbial community composition (16 S rRNA) were significantly affected by HF fluid in some soils. Overall, the study shows that the HF fluid can have significant detrimental impact on soil microbial functions, especially on nitrogen cycling. More work is needed to identify the exact cause of microbial toxicity in soils contaminated with HF fluid.

Sorption, degradation and microbial toxicity of chemicals associated with hydraulic fracturing fluid and produced water in soils.

Crack Damage Evaluation of Concrete Beams with Smart Piezoelectric Modules

Thermal Performance Analysis of Three-Casing Latent Heat System Based on Sinusoidal Function Pipeline

Study on the Effect of Acetate Ions on the Sealing Treatment for Anodic Oxide Film of 6063 Aluminum Alloy

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