Boron-based stimuli responsive systems represent an emerging class of useful materials with a wide variety of applications. Functions within these boron-doped molecules are derived from external stimuli such as light, heat, and force, which alter their intra- and/or intermolecular interactions, yielding unique electronic/photophysical or mechanical properties that can be exploited as optical probes or switchable materials. In this review, the various state-switching mechanisms of these boron-based materials will be introduced, followed by a detailed account of recent advances in the field. Emphasis will be placed on structure-property relationships and the potential applications of the stimuli-responsive boron compounds.

Boron-based stimuli responsive materials

Since the realization in 2011 that most aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules exhibit mechano-responsive luminescence (MRL), research regarding the MRL of AIE molecules has drawn much attention, and this area has been expanding tremendously. As one of the most extensively studied AIE cores, tetraphenylethylene (TPE) has been widely used to construct MRL molecules. This review will focus on recent advances in MRL of TPE derivatives with AIE properties, including a brief history of mechano-responsive AIE-active materials, mechanistic studies on MRL, mechano-responsive luminogens based on TPE, mechano-responsive luminogens containing multiple AIE-active units, mechano-memory chromism and mechanoluminescence of TPE derivatives. Moreover, this review will give a perspective on the possible opportunities and future challenges that exist in this research area.

Recent advances in mechano-responsive luminescence of tetraphenylethylene derivatives with aggregation-induced emission properties

Difluoroboron β-diketonate dyes: Spectroscopic properties and applications

A readily accessible D–A–D triad molecule 1 was synthesized through acylhydrazone bond formation using carefully chosen building blocks The molecule 1 exhibits emission through charge-coupled proton transfer and enhanced emission induced through aggregation and mechanochromic luminescence Further, it detects Al(III) selectively among other cations in an efficient manner

D-A-D Structured Bis-acylhydrazone Exhibiting Aggregation-Induced Emission, Mechanochromic Luminescence, and Al(III) Detection.

Mechanofluorochromic properties of aggregation-induced emission-active tetraphenylethene-containing cruciform luminophores

Tetraphenylethene-based β-diketonate boron complex: Efficient aggregation-induced emission and high contrast mechanofluorochromism

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Tetraphenylethene-based β-diketonate boron complex: Efficient aggregation-induced emission and high contrast mechanofluorochromism