Antibiotics detected in urines and adipogenesis in school children.

Waist Circumference Distribution of Chinese School-age Children and Adolescents

Background: Waist circumference has been identified as a valuable predictor of cardiovascular risk in children. The development of waist circumference percentiles and cut-offs for various ethnic groups are necessary because of differences in body composition. The purpose of this study was to develop waist circumference percentiles for Chinese children and to explore optimal waist circumference cut-off values for predicting cardiovascular risk factors clustering in this population. Methods: Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 5529 children (2830 boys and 2699 girls) aged 6-12 years randomly selected from southern and northern China. Blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose were obtained in a subsample (n = 1845). Smoothed percentile curves were produced using the LMS method. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to derive the optimal age- and gender-specific waist circumference thresholds for predicting the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Gender-specific waist circumference percentiles were constructed. The waist circumference thresholds were at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls respectively, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 67% to 83%. The odds ratio of a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among boys and girls with a higher value than cut-off points was 10.349 (95% confidence interval 4.466 to 23.979) and 8.084 (95% confidence interval 3.147 to 20.767) compared with their counterparts. Conclusions: Percentile curves for waist circumference of Chinese children are provided. The cut-off point for waist circumference to predict cardiovascular risk factors clustering is at the 90th and 84th percentiles for Chinese boys and girls, respectively.

/pdf/waist-circumference-cut-off-values-for-the-prediction-of-1ulydxxbrq.pdf

Waist circumference cut-off values for the prediction of cardiovascular risk factors clustering in Chinese school-aged children: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives To demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of using waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as a screening tool for identifying children and adolescents with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) across a wide range of prevalence levels among general paediatric populations Design A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study with all data collected at school settings in six cities of China Participants A total of 8130 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years with complete anthropometric and CMR measurements based on blood tests were recruited Outcome measures Elevated blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, elevated fasting blood glucose and central obesity were measured The primary outcome, CMRs, was defined as meeting three or more of the above risk factors The accuracy of WHtR for identifying CMRs was evaluated using areas under the curves (AUCs) with 95% CI of the receiver operating characteristic curve The predictability of WHtR at given CMRs prevalence levels was estimated by positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value Results Overall, 61% of study participants were presented with CMRs WHtR had high AUCs ranging from 084 (95% CI 081 to 088) to 088 (95% CI 086 to 090) in the total population and age-subgroup and gender-subgroup The overall optimal WHtR cut-off value was 0467, with boys having a higher cut-off than girls (0481 vs 0456) WHtR achieved an overall sensitivity of 089 and PPV of 188% at a specificity of 075 The screening performance of WHtR remained satisfactory across a wide range of given CMRs prevalence levels (5%, 10% and 20%) Conclusion WHtR as a screening tool could accurately and flexibly identify children affected with the clusters of three or more of CMR factors from the general paediatric population with various CMR prevalence levels Our findings provide support for policy-making on early CMR identification and management in the high-risk group of children

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/10/6/e037040.full.pdf

Waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional study in China

The aim of the current study was to compare the association of several anthropometric indices, with insulin resistance (IR) proxy measures in European adolescents. The present study comprises 1,097 adolescents aged 12.5–17.5 from ten European cities participating in the HELENA study. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference, skinfolds thickness, fat mass (FM), fasting plasma glucose (GF) and serum insulin (IF) levels were measured. HOMA (as indicator of IR body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. IF and HOMA were statistically significantly related to BMI, WC, skinfold sum, WHtR, WHR and FM. BMI, WC, WHtR, skinfold sum and FM displayed similar correlation with IF and HOMA as opposed to WHR where lower correlation with IR indices was detected in the overall sample. Similar results were found for boys, girls and underweight/normal weight adolescents. On the other hand, WC and WHtR were found to be more strongly associated with IR proxy measures compared to the rest of anthropometric indices among overweight/obese subjects. Based on the current findings, WC and WHtR could be used, alternatively, to identify the overweight/obese adolescent at risk for developing IR. In addition, all aforementioned anthropometric indices, except WHR, could be used among the underweight/normal weight adolescents.

/pdf/comparison-of-several-anthropometric-indices-with-insulin-1l58j0cga1.pdf

Comparison of several anthropometric indices with insulin resistance proxy measures among European adolescents: The Helena Study

Objective: To examine the distribution of age- and gender-specific waist circumference (WC) and to identify optimal cutoffs for predicting cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in Chinese Han and Uygur children.



Methods and Procedures: In total 4,224 Han and Uygur children aged 7–18 were randomly selected from schools in Urumqi city, China. WC, height, and weight were accurately measured in all subjects. Blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin were determined in 258 overweight/obese children and 370 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched normal-weight controls selected from the same study sample. LMS (lambda-mu-sigma) method was used to construct WC centile curves. Optimal WC cutoffs were determined by comparing the performance of five sets of WC cutoffs in predicting CV risk factors.



Results: Han boys and girls had higher WC at all percentiles and ages except for girls over the age of 16. Uygur girls also showed a greater increase in WC corresponding with age (2.1 cm/year vs. 1.6 cm/year for the median) than Han girls. Compared with the other four sets of cutoffs, the 85th WC percentile showed the best combination of sensitivity (81.0%) and specificity (71.4%). The two sets of WC cutoffs constructed by allowing centile curves passing through the adult cutoffs for central adiposity using the fitted LMS curves provided poor sensitivities in predicting the presence of cluster of CV risk factors.



Discussion: The growth pattern of WC varies with gender and ethnicity. The 85th percentile of WC is an appropriate cutoff for Chinese Han and Uygur children in the prediction of CV risks.

Waist Circumference Cutoff Points in School-aged Chinese Han and Uygur Children

Recently, waist-to-height ratio (WHR) has been documented as a better indicator of obesity and cardiovascular risk than BMI in several different pediatric populations. In the present study, we, for the first time, compared the association of nine cardiovascular risk factors with BMI, waist circumference (WC), and WHR in Chinese children. A random sample of 389 Han and 272 Uygur ethnic children aged 7–18 years (mean ± SE 10.7 ± 3.2) were selected stratified by age, sex, and ethnicity from a school-based cross-sectional study performed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (the prevalence …

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/29/12/2760.1.full.pdf

Waist-to-Height Ratio and BMI Predict Different Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chinese Children

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Waist Circumference Cutoff Points in School-aged Chinese Han and Uygur Children

Waist-to-Height Ratio and BMI Predict Different Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chinese Children