Aiming at the wide-spectrum chromatic aberration problem of membrane diffractive lenses, the concept of the digital chromatic aberration correction infrared imaging system was proposed. The principle of digital chromatic aberration correction was given, and the chromatic aberration correction of this system was completed on a computer, which is based on a wavelength-tunable laser local oscillator coherent detection detector. Compared with the chromatic aberration correction method for traditional lenses, this membrane diffractive optical system exhibited characteristics of small size, low weight, and low complexity. The digital chromatic aberration correction application conditions of this membrane diffractive optical system were analyzed. In addition, the main parameters and imaging simulation results were given. The center wavelength of this membrane diffractive optical system is 1.55 µm, and its spectral range is 1.50-1.60 µm. The application of autocorrelation processing to infrared complex images after digital chromatic aberration correction followed by incoherent accumulation of the received corrected complex images based on multiple stepping wavelengths could significantly improve the imaging signal-to-noise ratio.

Digital infrared chromatic aberration correction algorithm for a membrane diffractive lens based on coherent imaging.

Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) fundamentally provide the possibility to simultaneously utilize multiple orders for different imaging functions within a system. However, to take advantage of this property, it is necessary to tailor the assignment of specific wavelengths or wavelength ranges with high diffraction efficiency to specific diffraction orders. To achieve this wavelength-selective assignment to different orders, simple diffractive profile shapes are not suitable; instead, multilayer DOEs are required. In this study, we conducted theoretical, scalar investigations on the diffraction efficiency of triple-layer double-relief DOEs for the purpose of tailored wavelength selectivity. Specific materials such as nanocomposites, layer materials, and high-refractive-index liquids with strong dispersion were included, in addition to inorganic glasses, to enable wide design freedom for wavelength selectivity across multiple orders. To simultaneously account for both positive and negative orders, specific material combinations featuring intersecting or touching dispersion curves were utilized. For various material combinations, we calculated significantly different efficiency profiles for multiple orders by varying the relief depths. Further, we discuss the possibility of fine-tuning the efficiency profiles by using high-index liquids as an intermediate layer between two solid profiles, whose dispersion properties can be varied continuously or at least in small steps. 

Tailoring Wavelength-Selective Diffraction Efficiency Using Triple-Layer Double-Relief Blazed Gratings Incorporating Materials with Intersecting Dispersion Curves

Within the framework of rigorous diffraction theory, the maximum possible incidence angles of radiation on two-layer sawtooth relief-phase microstructures in the visible (0.4 ≤ λ ≤ 0.7 μm) spectral range are compared. Optical materials for the layers of these microstructures are selected from a database of 47 plastics and 165 molded glasses. It is shown that when the ratio of the spatial period of the microstructure to the effective depth of the relief is greater than 20, the achievable angles within which the diffraction efficiency exceeds 0.95 lie in a wide range from 18.5° to 40.5° for single-relief structures and 7.5° to 22.3° for structures with two internal reliefs. The best results for purely plastic microstructures are obtained when the plastic CMT and the indium tin oxide nanocomposite in polymethylmethacrylate are used.

Highly Efficient Double-Layer Diffraction Microstructures Based on New Plastics and Molded Glasses

High diffraction efficiency is an important requirement for hybrid diffractive-refractive optical systems with a wide field of view. The issue is that diffractive optical elements cannot maintain high diffraction efficiency across a designed waveband and range of incident angles simultaneously. Glued diffractive optical elements (GDOEs) consist of two single-layer diffractive elements, and optical adhesives are presented to address the problem. Two diffractive optical elements are glued together to reduce the straylight scattered into unwanted diffraction orders. The parameters of diffractive optical elements are optimized to achieve broadband high diffraction efficiency and modulation transfer function over a wide-incident-angle range. The GDOEs enable the system to realize a diffraction efficiency of over 90% when the incident angle is no more than 58°. Through gluing two single-layer diffractive optical elements together, we can minimize the inner reflection and refraction. Diffraction efficiency losses can be compensated by the optical adhesives layer, and image quality can be improved. Our design method could make possible the use of diffraction elements in different kinds of optical systems.

Glued diffraction optical elements with broadband and a large field of view

Diffraction efficiency is a key assessment criterion for the hybrid diffractive-refractive optical systems with a wide field of view. However, diffractive optical elements cannot obtain high diffraction efficiency simultaneously in the case of broad wavelength band and large incident angle range. This character limits the applications of DOEs in the optical systems with large field of view and wide working wavelength range. In this paper, we present a manufacturing method that glued two diffractive optical elements together to reduce the stray light scattered into unwanted diffraction orders. Firstly, the separated DOEs are fabricated with the ultra-precision turning method. Then, through chosen suitable optical adhesives to glue those separated DOEs. Based on the principle of maximum diffraction efficiency on the design waveband and incident angles, we optimized the parameters of the diffractive optical elements to achieve broadband high diffraction efficiency and modulation transfer function over a wide incident angle range. The DOEs enable the system to realize a diffraction efficiency over 90% when the incident angle is no more than 54°. This method is easy to realize and maintain high structural stability. We can give a more precious design than presented methods, such as substrate optical material section and optical adhesives section. The benefit of this design and manufacturing method is that the maximum integral diffraction efficiency overall the wide angles of incidence in the whole waveband can be achieved, thereby ensuring the high modulation transfer function of a hybrid imaging optical systems with diffractive elements.

Diffraction optical elements with broadband and large incident angles

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Glued diffraction optical elements with broadband and a large field of view

Diffraction optical elements with broadband and large incident angles