Influence of slip and permeability of bedding interface on hydraulic fracturing: A numerical study using combined finite-discrete element method

Investigation on the influence of multiple fracture interference on hydraulic fracture propagation in tight reservoirs

A proppant transport simulator coupled with multi-planar 3D (multi-PL3D) fracture propagation has been developed to examine the proppant distribution among multiple hydraulic fractures during multi-cluster fracturing in a horizontal well. The multi-PL3D fracture model considers wellbore friction, multi-fracture stress interaction, fluid leak-off, and multi-scale propagation regimes. The proppant transport is described by the two-phase (slurry/proppant) flow equations that consider proppant settling, jamming and flow regime transition. A high-resolution weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) finite difference (FD) scheme is adopted to solve the nonlinear proppant transport equations. An efficient time-stepping scheme is developed to solve the solid/fluid coupling equations and moving boundaries for the multi-PL3D model. The proppant transport model and multi-PL3D model are both validated against previously published results. Using the model, we examine the proppant distributions under different injection schedules, proppant sizes, proppant density, and fluid viscosity. Results show that proppant distribution among multiple fractures is different as the flow rate and fracture width distribution vary due to multi-fracture stress interaction. The proppant in the middle cluster settles remarkably as the flow rate is lowest among the multiple clusters. The proppant is usually jammed at the pinch point, where the fracture width reduces sharply. Proppant adding schedule has a significant effect on the proppant distribution. A constant-concentration results in a proppant stack at the fracture front. In contrast, an increasing concentration favors the prop of the near-wellbore fracture. The proppant distribution area ratio (defined as the proppant distribution area divided by the fracture area) is only 20% for 20/40 mesh proppant, while the ratio is 45% for 100 mesh proppant. Slick water can increase the fracture area but not favor promoting the proppant distribution area ratio. The results can be helpful for proppant design for multi-cluster fracturing in a horizontal well.

Numerical Simulation of Proppant Transport Coupled with Multi-Planar-3D Hydraulic Fracture Propagation for Multi-Cluster Fracturing

Investigating the Propagation of Multiple Hydraulic Fractures in Shale Oil Rocks Using Acoustic Emission

Simultaneous propagation of hydraulic fractures from multiple perforation clusters in layered tight reservoirs: Non-planar three-dimensional modelling

Optimization of complex fracture networks improves the fracturing effects and enhances production in multistage hydrofracturing technology. To understand the controlling mechanisms of multistage hydrofracturing in unconventional tight reservoirs, some governing issues, such as hydro-mechanical coupling, stress shadow effects, propagation interaction behaviours of three-dimensional (3D) multiple fractures, and 3D multistage hydrofracturing, should be addressed. However, the characterization of perforation cluster spaces and fracturing scenarios of horizontal wells, which significantly affect the evolution of the stress field and 3D morphology of the fracture network, is a challenge. In this study, to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional finite-element method in simulating 3D fracture propagation, the adaptive finite element–discrete element method is used. This method uses a local remeshing and coarsening strategy to ensure the accuracy of solutions, reliability of the fracture propagation path, and computational efficiency. The study proposes 3D engineering-scale numerical models, considering the crucial hydro-mechanical coupling and fracturing fluid leak-off, to simulate 3D multistage hydrofracturing and fracture interaction behaviours. The numerical results show that the stress shadow effects and fracture interaction behaviours become more intense once the spaces between different propagating fractures become thinner due to superposition and reduction effects in fracturing-induced shear stress variation areas. The alternate fracturing can reduce the stress shadow effects through adjusting the sequence of perforation clusters that are activated and injected with fracturing fluid. When the perforation cluster spaces become narrow, the alternate fracturing scenario can yield more fracturing fracture areas and improve the fracturing effects as compared to sequential and simultaneous fracturing.

Adaptive Finite Element–Discrete Element Analysis for the Stress Shadow Effects and Fracture Interaction Behaviours in Three-Dimensional Multistage Hydrofracturing Considering Varying Perforation Cluster Spaces and Fracturing Scenarios of Horizontal Wells

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Adaptive Finite Element–Discrete Element Analysis for the Stress Shadow Effects and Fracture Interaction Behaviours in Three-Dimensional Multistage Hydrofracturing Considering Varying Perforation Cluster Spaces and Fracturing Scenarios of Horizontal Wells