Wearable strain sensors with the ability of detecting physiological activities play an important role in personalized healthcare. Electrospun fibers have become a popular building block for wearable strain sensors due to their excellent mechanical properties, breathability, and light weight. In this review, the structure and preparation process of electrospun fibers and the conductive layer are systematically introduced. The impact of materials and structures of electrospun fibers on the wearable strain sensors with a following discussion of sensing performance optimization strategies is outlined. Furthermore, the applications of electrospun fiber‐based wearable strain sensors in biomonitoring, motion detection, and human‐machine interaction are presented. Finally, the challenges and promising future directions for the community of wearable strain sensors based on electrospun fibers are pointed out.

Advances in Wearable Strain Sensors Based on Electrospun Fibers

Enhancing Photodegradation of Methyl Orange by Coupling Piezo-phototronic Effect and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance

The sensing performance of gas sensors is determined by three key factors of sensing, transducing and utilization ratio of sensing body. However, these three factors are structurally and functionally independent for most existing gas sensors, restricting the integration and multi-functionalization of the gas discrimination. Herein, we reported a ternary ordered assembly strategy to synchronously and sympatrically integrate and optimize the three key factors in one single device. The in-situ polymerized Ppy coating serves as the sensing component while the embedded PZT nanofiller functions as transducing element, where the utilization ratio of sensing body is directly regulated by the porosity and sensing coating thickness via controlling the sugar granule loading amount and polymerization time. By tuning in-situ polymerization quantity, sacrificial templating amount and transducing loading as well as poling time, an optimal ammonia sensing response was accomplished with a responsivity of 387% at the 100 ppm, a sensitivity of 4.29% ppm−1, excellent selectivity and long-term stability. A theoretical gas-sensitive model was established by combining the experimental characterization with finite element calculation and phase-field simulation. This work throws lights on the fundamental gas sensing mechanism and provides a promising paradigm for developing multi-level controllable sensing devices for physiological assessment and environmental monitoring. 

Ternary ordered assembled piezoelectric composite for self-powered ammonia detection

Piezocatalysis is an emerging technique that holds great promise for the conversion of ubiquitous mechanical energy into electrochemical energy through piezoelectric effect. However, mechanical energies in natural environment (such as wind energy, water flow energy, and noise) are typically tiny, scattered, and featured with low frequency and low power. Therefore, a high response to these tiny mechanical energies is critical to achieving high piezocatalytic performance. In comparison to nanoparticles or 1D piezoelectric materials, 2D piezoelectric materials possess characteristics such as high flexibility, easy deformation, large surface area, and rich active sites, showing more promise in future for practical applications. In this review, state-of-the-art research progresses on 2D piezoelectric materials and their applications in piezocatalysis are provided. First, a detailed description of 2D piezoelectric materials are offered. Then a comprehensive summary of the piezocatalysis technique is presented and examines the piezocatalysis applications of 2D piezoelectric materials in various fields, including environmental remediation, small-molecule catalysis, and biomedicine. Finally, the main challenges and prospects of 2D piezoelectric materials and their applications in piezocatalysis are discussed. It is expected that this review can fuel the practical application of 2D piezoelectric materials in piezocatalysis.

An Emerging Family of Piezocatalysts: 2D Piezoelectric Materials.

Smart sensors capable of detecting NH3 at sub-ppb levels are important for human health in our daily life. Here, we demonstrate a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor based on ZnO@MXene hybrid heterostructure for ultrahigh NH3 gas detection under UV illumination at room temperature (RT). Under UV illumination, the ZnO@MXene SAW sensor not only significantly enhances the frequency response (Δf ≈ 32.24 kHz/20 ppm) but also effectively improves the selectivity with a low detection limit (89.41 ppb), short response/recovery times (92/104 s), long-term stability, and robust sensitivity under various relative humidity conditions (dark) to NH3 at RT. These unique NH3 sensing properties might be attributed to the enriched functional groups, oxygen vacancies, and excellent charge transfer at the Schottky barrier via band bending, which is explained using an energy band theory sensing mechanism. Overall, the current study offers strategic insights for designing light-activated high-performance SAW-based RT NH3 sensors in safety assurance and environmental monitoring. 

ZnO@Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Composite-Based Schottky-Barrier-Coated SAW Sensor for Effective Detection of Sub-ppb-Level NH3 at Room Temperature under UV Illumination

Biodegradable cotton fiber-based piezoresistive textiles for wearable biomonitoring.

Suppressing Piezoelectric Screening Effect at Atomic Scale for Enhanced Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) arrays are practical solutions to the low and unreliable power output of a single PEH. However, most PEH circuits are developed for addressing the one-channel ac input from a single PEH. In this article, an extensible rectifier-less synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (ReL-SSHI) array interface with the maximal power point tracking (MPPT) function to manage the multiple ac inputs from the PEH arrays is designed. The ac–dc conversion is performed by the ReL-SSHI topology with passive peak switches featured with self-powered characteristic and fast cold-start. Only one shared inductor is employed, greatly reducing the circuit volume and cost. The MPPT module for each channel is implemented by a simple envelope detector and an ultra-low power hysteresis controller and achieves continuous energy extraction by adapting the fractional normal-operation voltage method. A developed discrete array interface able to handle three PEHs effectively executes the MPPT for each channel with the uphill and downhill response speeds of 2.0 and 7.1 V/s, and a maximal MPPT efficiency of 97.1%. This circuit boosts the power output by 485% compared with that by the traditional full-bridge rectifier, around 33% higher than that from existing synchronous electric charge extraction array interfaces.

Self-Powered Single-Inductor Rectifier-Less SSHI Array Interface With the MPPT Technique for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

The Diagnosis and Treatment Experience Sharing of Tropheryma Whipplei's Pneumonia: A Case Series

The Quantizable Contribution of Epdd, Sblc, and Iblc Effects to Colossal Permittivity in La-Doped Batio3 Ceramic

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