As the chronicle of plate motions through time, paleogeography is fundamental to our understanding of plate tectonics and its role in shaping the geology of the present-day. To properly appreciate the history of tectonics—and its influence on the deep Earth and climate—it is imperative to seek an accurate and global model of paleogeography. However, owing to the incessant loss of oceanic lithosphere through subduction, the paleogeographic reconstruction of ‘full-plates’ (including oceanic lithosphere) becomes increasingly challenging with age. Prior to 150 Ma ∼60% of the lithosphere is missing and reconstructions are developed without explicit regard for oceanic lithosphere or plate tectonic principles; in effect, reflecting the earlier mobilistic paradigm of continental drift. Although these ‘continental’ reconstructions have been immensely useful, the next-generation of mantle models requires global plate kinematic descriptions with full-plate reconstructions. Moreover, in disregarding (or only loosely applying) plate tectonic rules, continental reconstructions fail to take advantage of a wealth of additional information in the form of practical constraints. Following a series of new developments, both in geodynamic theory and analytical tools, it is now feasible to construct full-plate models that lend themselves to testing by the wider Earth-science community. Such a model is presented here for the late Paleozoic (410–250 Ma) together with a review of the underlying data. Although we expect this model to be particularly useful for numerical mantle modeling, we hope that it will also serve as a general framework for understanding late Paleozoic tectonics, one on which future improvements can be built and further tested.

Plate Tectonics in the Late Paleozoic

Geological factors controlling variations in the mineralogical and elemental compositions of Late Permian coals from the Zhijin-Nayong Coalfield, western Guizhou, China

The Upper Permian in southwestern China was developed with abundant coal resources,and is divided into three formations including Emeishan Basalt Formation,Longtan Formation( lower and middle memberss of Xuanwei Formation or Wujiaping Formation) and Changxing Formation( upper member of Xuanwei Formation or Wangjiazhai Formation) from bottom to top The sequence stratigraphy,paleogeography,and coal accumulation of the Late Permian in this region have been studied based on outcrop and borehole sections According to regional unconformities,sedimentary facies reversal surface,base of incised valley fill sandstones,and distribution of marine limestone beds which reflects variation of the transgressions,we have subdivided the Later Permian into 3 third-order sequences and related lowstand,transgressive,highstand systems tracts Sequence 1 corresponds to the intervals of early Wujiaping stage,and is distributed mainly in the northeastern Sichuan,eastern Yunnan and western and eastern Guizhou Sequence 2 corresponds to the middle Wujiaping stage,and Sequence 3 corresponds to late Wujiaping stage though Changxing stage Both Sequence 2 and Sequence 3 are all distributed in the whole region of southwestern China The vertical and lateral variation of facies in three sequences reveals a overall transgression pattern of palaeogeographyFrom bottom( Sequence 1) to top( Sequence 3) and from west to east,there was a variation in facies units from fluvial plain,through tidal-delta combination,to shallow marine In these three sequences,depositional environments are all deeper in the east,and shallower in the west,with the transgressive pulse of advancing from east to west The coal-forming environments are swamps developed from fluvial overbank,interdistibutary bay,lagoon-tidal flat environments,while the favorable coal-forming environment is the interdistributary bay of the delta plain In the three sequences,with the overall westward transgression,beneficial coal-forming environments and coal-accumulating centers migrated to the west,towards the Khangdian Oldland

Sequence-Palaeogeography and Coal Aaccumulation of Late Permian in Southwestern China

End Permian to Middle Triassic plant species richness and abundance patterns in South China: Coevolution of plants and the environment through the Permian–Triassic transition

The surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its geomorphology evolution has triggered aridification of Asia's interior and drainage development at the eastern margin of the plateau. However, how the pre-Cenozoic early growth histories of the TP impact the drainage system and climate is poorly constrained. The Late Mesozoic Lacustrine evaporite-bearing basins on the eastern margin of the TP record significant information on the uplift of the source terranes, source-to-sink system development and climate change. In this study, we presented detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the Upper Cretaceous Yunlong Formation in the Lanping Basin, as well as Hf isotopic, petrographic, direct statistical, and multidimensional scaling analyses, and use them to characterize the provenance and reconstruct the drainage system. All of the samples have five major age peaks at 200–290 Ma, 400–490 Ma, 750–1000 Ma, 1750–1950 Ma, and 2400–2600 Ma with mostly negative ɛHf(t) values (81%). We infer the sediments are primarily derived from recycled sediments of the Songpan-Garze terrane, and partly from the Sichuan Basin and the Southern Qiangtang terrane, as well as the exposed magmatic rocks of the Yidun Arc and Songpan-Garze terrane. The provenance features of the contemporaneous sediments from the Sichuan, Xichang, Chuxiong, and Simao basins indicate a complex hierarchical drainage pattern on the eastern margin of the TP during the Late Cretaceous. The hierarchical drainage system exhibits a complete gradational cycle of lake-basin types from overfilled freshwater Sichuan Basin through balanced fill saline Xichang Basin and underfilled hypersaline Chuxiong, Lanping, Simao, and Khorat Plateau basins from proximal to distal. The early growth of the TP primarily controlled the drainage and lake-basin evolution by not only causing the uplift and exhumation of the source areas and providing large amounts of clastic material to the proximal sub-drainage areas but also intensifying the aridity and deposition of evaporites.

The Late Cretaceous source-to-sink system at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Insights from the provenance of the Lanping Basin

Evolution of a plume-influenced source-to-sink system: An example from the coupled central Emeishan large igneous province and adjacent western Yangtze cratonic basin in the Late Permian, SW China

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Evolution of a plume-influenced source-to-sink system: An example from the coupled central Emeishan large igneous province and adjacent western Yangtze cratonic basin in the Late Permian, SW China