Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial composition through diet. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding the effects of several common dietary components on intestinal microbiota. We show that consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host bacterial genera. Furthermore, the identity of these bacteria affects host immune and metabolic parameters, with broad implications for human health. Familiarity with these associations will be of tremendous use to the practitioner as well as the patient.

/pdf/influence-of-diet-on-the-gut-microbiome-and-implications-for-4i0trq9u9q.pdf

Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health.

Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder affecting the glucose status of the human body. Chronic hyperglycaemia related to diabetes is associated with end organ failure. The clinical relationship between diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is well established. This makes therapeutic approaches that simultaneously target diabetes and atherosclerotic disease an attractive area for research. The majority of people with diabetes fall into two broad pathogenetic categories, type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The role of obesity, adipose tissue, gut microbiota and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetes are under intensive scrutiny with several clinical trials to have been completed while more are in development. The emerging role of inflammation in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T1D) pathophysiology and associated metabolic disorders, has generated increasing interest in targeting inflammation to improve prevention and control of the disease. After an extensive review of the possible mechanisms that drive the metabolic pattern in T1D and T2D and the inflammatory pathways that are involved, it becomes ever clearer that future research should focus on a model of combined suppression for various inflammatory response pathways.

The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives.

Plants in their natural habitats adapt to drought stress in the environment through a variety of mechanisms, ranging from transient responses to low soil moisture to major survival mechanisms of escape by early flowering in absence of seasonal rainfall. However, crop plants selected by humans to yield products such as grain, vegetable, or fruit in favorable environments with high inputs of water and fertilizer are expected to yield an economic product in response to inputs. Crop plants selected for their economic yield need to survive drought stress through mechanisms that maintain crop yield. Studies on model plants for their survival under stress do not, therefore, always translate to yield of crop plants under stress, and different aspects of drought stress response need to be emphasized. The crop plant model rice ( Oryza sativa) is used here as an example to highlight mechanisms and genes for adaptation of crop plants to drought stress.

Plant adaptation to drought stress.

During feeding, the gut microbiota contributes to the host energy acquisition and metabolic regulation thereby influencing the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which are produced by gut microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, are recognized as essential host energy sources and act as signal transduction molecules via G-protein coupled receptors (FFAR2, FFAR3, OLFR78, GPR109A) and as epigenetic regulators of gene expression by the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Recent evidence suggests that dietary fiber and the gut microbial-derived SCFAs exert multiple beneficial effects on the host energy metabolism not only by improving the intestinal environment, but also by directly affecting various host peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the roles of gut microbial SCFAs in the host energy regulation and present an overview of the current understanding of its physiological functions.

/pdf/dietary-gut-microbial-metabolites-short-chain-fatty-acids-45w0e1dtna.pdf

Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation.

Effects of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria on epigenetic regulation of FFAR3 in type 2 diabetes and obesity

Background: Beside the influence of nutritional habits and reducedphysical activity, metabolic syndrome is associated with alterations in the structure ofgut microbiota influencing the inflammatory immune responses. Gut microbiota andmicrobial metabolic activities are known to affect the lipid and glucose metabolism,satiety and chronic low-grade inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. The aimof the study was to identify genera or even species affecting host metabolismin obesity and type 2 diabetes beside the common used indicator: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.Methods: Differences in gut microbiota were investigated in three groups of subjectsover a four month intervention period: type 2 diabetics under GLP1-Agonist therapy,obese individuals without established insulin resistance, both receiving nutritional counseling concerningweight reduction, and a lean control group. Collection of fecal samples was accomplished at two timepoints, before treatment, and after four months of treatment. For identification of bacteria at species-levelwe used 454 high-throughput sequencing and fragment length polymorphism analysis based on IS-pro(Intergenic-Spacer-profiling). Five bacterial species, two bacterial genera, total bacterial abundance, andthe Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were determined.Results: Type 2 diabetics showed a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio even with an increase to thesecond time point (p=0.07). The abundance of B. thetaiotaomicron remained unaffected, whereas B.vulgatus significantly increased in type 2 diabetics (p=0.07) over the study period. Either Alistipes spp.showed an increase in type 2 diabetics between the time points (p=0.06). The abundance of F. prausnitzii(p=0.03) and A. muciniphila (p=0.03) also increased in type 2 diabetics over study period. In addition, theconcentration of P. anaerobius (p=0.03) was significantly higher in type 2 diabetics after interventioncompared to lean and obese controls.Conclusion: Our results clearly show a difference in the gut bacterial composition in type 2 diabeticscompared to lean controls or obesity. Therefore, the ratio of Fimicutes/Bacteroidetes might only be anindicator, but a detailed view at species level is even more important in regard to distinction of their functions.

Gut Microbiota of Obese, Type 2 Diabetic Individuals is Enriched in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after Weight Loss.

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Effects of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria on epigenetic regulation of FFAR3 in type 2 diabetes and obesity

Gut Microbiota of Obese, Type 2 Diabetic Individuals is Enriched in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after Weight Loss.