Water gelation by small organic molecules.

In this review, we describe the recent advances in supramolecular helical assemblies formed from chiral and achiral small molecules, oligomers (foldamers), and helical and nonhelical polymers from the viewpoints of their formations with unique chiral phenomena, such as amplification of chirality during the dynamic helically assembled processes, properties, and specific functionalities, some of which have not been observed in or achieved by biological systems. In addition, a brief historical overview of the helical assemblies of small molecules and remarkable progress in the synthesis of single-stranded and multistranded helical foldamers and polymers, their properties, structures, and functions, mainly since 2009, will also be described.

Supramolecular Helical Systems: Helical Assemblies of Small Molecules, Foldamers, and Polymers with Chiral Amplification and Their Functions

for Diagnostics and Therapeutics Sunaina Singh,*,†,∥ Amit Aggarwal,*,†,∥ N. V. S. Dinesh K. Bhupathiraju,*,‡ Gianluca Arianna,‡ Kirran Tiwari,‡ and Charles Michael Drain‡,§ †Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York 11101, United States ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States

Glycosylated Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Other Porphyrinoids for Diagnostics and Therapeutics.

Surfactant layers at the air/water interface: structure and composition.

Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins: versatile circular dichroic reporter groups for structural studies.

The molecular conformation of N-(1-octyl)-D-gluconamide in its helical micellar fibers is determined. The all-anti conformation in three-dimensional crystals and the 4 G + conformation in DMSO solution served as references. Comparisons of 13 C CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectra of head-to-tail and tail-to-tail oriented crystals led to a 2 G - conformation for the gluconamide head groups and an all-anti conformation for the alkyl chains in the fibers. The latter result is confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction data and infrared spectra

Crystalline order in probably hollow micellar fibers of N-octyl-D-gluconamide

The first self-organized quadruple helices consisting of monopolymeric material have been obtained from N-octyl- and N-dodecyl-D-gluconamides in water. The have been characterized by electron microscopy, image analysis, and computer modelling. The pitch of helices is equal to (2π×molecular bilayer diameter); their gradient conforms with the magic angle (54.7 o ). The quadruple helices rearrange in aqueous gels to a single helix made of circular 4-fold layers of molecules, a pitch of 7.4 nm, and a gradient of 82±3 o

Magic angle (54.7.degree.) gradient and minimal surfaces in quadruple micellar helices

Easily accessible protoporphyrin IX 13,17-bis(glycosamides) form colloidal aqueous solutions which are stable for several months or longer. Electron micrographs show ribbons of an approximate width of 4 nm and lengths of between 20 nm (D-glucosamide) and 5 μm (D,L-mannosamide). In one case, gel chromatography was applied in order to acquire the molecular weight, which was determined to be ≥2×10 6 D for about 90% of the colloidal particles. The UV-vis spectra of the aqueous suspension show a Soret band which is split by about 100 nm by exciton interactions (460 and 360 nm)

Chiral micellar porphyrin fibers with 2-aminoglycosamide head groups

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Crystalline order in probably hollow micellar fibers of N-octyl-D-gluconamide

Magic angle (54.7.degree.) gradient and minimal surfaces in quadruple micellar helices

Chiral micellar porphyrin fibers with 2-aminoglycosamide head groups