The following report is intended to provide an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between social media; political polarization; and political “disinformation,” a term used to encompass a wide range of types of information about politics found online, including “fake news,” rumors, deliberately factually incorrect information, inadvertently factually incorrect information, politically slanted information, and “hyperpartisan” news. The review of the literature is provided in six separate sections, each of which can be read individually but that cumulatively are intended to provide an overview of what is known — and unknown — about the relationship between social media, political polarization, and disinformation. The report concludes by identifying key gaps in our understanding of these phenomena and the data that are needed to address them.

/pdf/social-media-political-polarization-and-political-4o1xubc6fc.pdf

Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: a review of the scientific literature

This article provides a review of scientific, peer-reviewed articles that examine the relationship between news sharing and social media in the period from 2004 to 2014. A total of 461 articles were obtained following a literature search in two databases (Communication & Mass Media Complete [CMMC] and ACM), out of which 109 were deemed relevant based on the study’s inclusion criteria. In order to identify general tendencies and to uncover nuanced findings, news sharing research was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Three central areas of research—news sharing users, content, and networks—were identified and systematically reviewed. In the central concluding section, the results of the review are used to provide a critical diagnosis of current research and suggestions on how to move forward in news sharing research.

/pdf/news-sharing-in-social-media-a-review-of-current-research-on-26ep35b38b.pdf

News Sharing in Social Media: A Review of Current Research on News Sharing Users, Content, and Networks

The mechanisms by which users of platforms such as Facebook and Twitter spread misinformation are not well understood. In this study, we argue that the effects of informational uses of social media...

The Paradox of Participation Versus Misinformation: Social Media, Political Engagement, and the Spread of Misinformation

Twitter has become a major instrument for the rapid dissemination and subsequent debate of news stories, and comprehensive methodologies for systematic research into news discussion on Twitter are beginning to emerge. This paper outlines innovative approaches for large-scale quantitative research into how Twitter is used to discuss and cover the news, focusing especially on #hashtags: brief identifiers which mark a tweet as taking part in an established discussion.

Researching news discussion on Twitter : New methodologies

Perpetuating online sexism offline

Audience design in Twitter: Retweeting behavior between informational value and followers’ interests

Being aware of someone else's existing knowledge is a prerequisite to effectively adapting an explanation to that person's learning needs. However, such knowledge awareness introduces the potential for motivated self-evaluation based on relative knowledge, that is, for social comparison. Because favorable social comparisons are actively defended, we propose that knowledge awareness might undermine information sharing in explanation when social comparison motives are active. We tested this hypothesis in a series of experiments in which participants provided explanations to an ostensible learning partner with or without knowledge awareness. Both dispositionally and situationally motivated social comparison interacted with knowledge awareness to reduce information sharing in explanation. Intriguingly, knowledge awareness uniformly facilitated adaptation of the information that was shared to address partner knowledge deficit. These results illustrate a tension in the components of effective explanation. At the same time that knowledge awareness effectively coordinates explanation content, it can lead to knowledge hoarding by knowledgeable explainers who are motivated to rely on knowledge differences between the self and the explanation recipient for self-evaluation.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kai_Sassenberg/publication/229154673_Motivated_Shortcomings_in_Explanation_The_Role_of_Comparative_Self-Evaluation_and_Awareness_of_Explanation_Recipient's_Knowledge/links/553e262d0cf20184050dcfe6.pdf

Motivated shortcomings in explanation: the role of comparative self-evaluation and awareness of explanation recipient's knowledge.

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Audience design in Twitter: Retweeting behavior between informational value and followers’ interests

Motivated shortcomings in explanation: the role of comparative self-evaluation and awareness of explanation recipient's knowledge.