The San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary hosts more nonindigenous species than are known for any other estuary, with 212 established species, 15 species too recently arrived to determine whether they have become established, and 125 cryptogenic species (species which could be either native or introduced). Nonindigenous organisms dominate many habitats, accounting for 40% to 100% of the common species in benthic and fouling communities. On average one new species has become established every 36 weeks since 1850, increasing to one new species every 24 weeks since 1970. Nonidigenous species have altered habitats, disrupted food webs, and contributed to the eradication or reduction of native populations. Some intentionally introduced fish and two accidentally introduced clams supported commercial fisheries that have since declined or closed. Most economic effects have been negative, including over $600 million damage from a wood-boring clam, reduced vessel speed and increased fuel consumption from hull fouling, and costs of controlling nonindigenous plants and fish. Nonindigneous species, by contributing to the endangerment of native species, and by destabilizing and making the ecosystem less manageable, are a factor in increasing restrictions on water diversions, levee maintenance, channel dredging and other economic activities in and near the Estuary.

/pdf/nonindigenous-aquatic-species-in-a-united-states-estuary-a-41ldqi144d.pdf

Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and delta

The scale of spatial and temporal fluctuations is described for populations ofthe arborescent bryozoan Bugula neritina, and observational and experimental data were used to explain these fluctuations Colonies were found to be abundant on seagrasses in the northern Gulf of Mexico from mid to late fall through winter Populations increase in mid to late fall, roughly with the onset of cooler weather They decline between midwinter and early summer, apparently when cold fronts pass We found no colonies on seagrass in summer, but some large colonies attached to polychaete tubes lie dormant through summer, regenerating in fall Spatial variation occurs on very small scales Bugula were absent from some seagrass patches, even when substantial populations were 80?/o at Lanark Growth rates were also higher at the site without natural Bugula colonies, and colonies there began to reproduce 1 wk sooner than those at the marine lab site Juveniles transplanted to Lanark reproduced, and their offspring grew and reproduced successfully, producing a second generation of Bugula The newly established population persisted through summer and was still present in 1986 Local extinctions of Bugula populations are probably caused by storms; one such ex? tinction was observed The spatial pattern is maintained by restricted dispersal and pop? ulation bottlenecks Unoccupied seagrass patches are unlikely to be colonized by larvae, but rafting of mature colonies on seagrass occurs frequently, with the potential of seeding new habaitats

Dispersal and Population Variation in the Bryozoan Bugula Neritina

The introduction history, systematics, transport vectors and distribution patterns of 85 introduced and 39 cryptogenic marine or estuarine animals and plants of South Africa are presented. This represents an addition of 93 species compared with previous lists. Taxa covered include protists, dinoflagellates, sponges, cnidarians, annelids, crustaceans, pycnogonids, insects, molluscs, brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, ascidians, fish, algae and higher plants. For each species a justification motivating its inclusion as an introduction into South African shores or its cryptogenic status, is provided. Challenges associated with this type of inventory work are explored and major patterns of bioinvasion within the region are summarized briefly.

/pdf/introduced-and-cryptogenic-marine-and-estuarine-species-of-2mg6t9xnz3.pdf

Introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine species of South Africa

Drift plastic—An expanding niche for a marine invertebrate?

Northern Adriatic Bryozoa from the vicinity of Rovinj, Croatia. Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 270

................. ....................................... 102 Introduction ................................................................... 102 Materials and Methods ........................................................ 103 Systematic Accounts ........................................................... 106 Ctenostomata ......................................................... 106 Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall), 1841 .............. ............................ 106 Alcyonidium polypylum Marcus, 1941 ............. ............................ 106 Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855 ................................................... 106 Anguinella palmata van Beneden, 1845 ............. ........................... 108 Victorella pavida Saville Kent, 1870 ................ ........................... 108 Sundanella sibogae (Harmer), 1915 ........................................... 108 Amathia alternata Lamouroux, 1816 .............. ............................ 108 Amathia distans Busk, 1886 .................................................. 110 Amathia vidovici (Heller), 1867 ............................................... 110 Bowerbankia gracilisLeidy, 1855 ............................................. 110 Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams), 1798 ............ ............................ 111 Bowerbankia maxima, New Species ............... ............................ 111 Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje), 1828 ......... ......................... 113 Valkeria at/antica (Busk), 1886............................................... 114 Aeverrillia armata (Verrill), 1873 .................. ............................ 114 Cheilostomata.......................................................... 114 Aetea truncata (Landsborough), 1852 .............. ............................ 114 Aetea sica (Couch), 1844 ..................................................... 116 Conopeum tenuissimum (Canu), 1908 ............. ............................ 116 ?Conopeum seurati (Canu), 1908 .................. ............................ 117 Membranipora arborescens (Canu and Bassler), 1928 ........ .................... 117 Membranipora savartii (Audouin), 1926 ............ ........................... 119 Membranipora tuberculata (Bosc), 1802 ............ ............................ 119 Membranipora tenella Hincks, 1880 ............... ............................ 120 Membranipora sp......................................................... 120 Electra bellula (Hincks), 1881 ................................................ 120 Cupuladria doma (d'Orbigny), 1859 ............... ............................ 122 Discoporella umbellata, subspecies depressa (Conrad), 1841 ...... ................ 122 Aplousina gigantea Canu and Bassler, 1927 .......... .......................... 123 Parellisina latirostris Osbum, 1940 ............... ............................. 123 Antropora leucocypha (Marcus), 1937 .............. ............................ 123 Floridina antiqua (Smitt), 1873............................................... 125 Floridinella typica Canu and Bassler, 1928 ........... .......................... 125 Micropora coriacea (Johnston), 1847 .............. ............................ 125 Thalamoporellafloridana Osburn, 1940 ............ ........................... 126 Thalamoporellafalcifera (Hincks), 1880 ............ ........................... 126 Synnotum aegyptiacum (Audouin), 1826 ............ ........................... 127 Scrupocellaria regularis Osbum, 1940 ............. ............................ 127 Bugula neritina (Linnaeus), 1758 .................. ............................ 129 Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960 .................. ............................ 129 Bugula turrita (Desor), 1848 .................................................. 130 Bugula minima Waters, 1909 ................................................ 130

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Marine bryozoans ectoprocta of the indian river area florida usa