Do people behave differently when they are lying compared with when they are telling the truth? The combined results of 1,338 estimates of 158 cues to deception are reported. Results show that in some ways, liars are less forthcoming than truth tellers, and they tell less compelling tales. They also make a more negative impression and are more tense. Their stories include fewer ordinary imperfections and unusual contents. However, many behaviors showed no discernible links, or only weak links, to deceit. Cues to deception were more pronounced when people were motivated to succeed, especially when the motivations were identity relevant rather than monetary or material. Cues to deception were also stronger when lies were about transgressions.

Cues to deception

The eyewitness literature often claims that emotional stress leads to an impairment in memory and, hence, that details of unpleasant emotional events are remembered less accurately than details of neutral or everyday events. A common assumption behind this view is that a decrease in available processing capacity occurs at states of high emotional arousal, which, therefore, leads to less efficient memory processing. The research reviewed here shows that this belief is overly simplistic. Current studies demonstrate striking interactions between type of event, type of detail information, time of test, and type of retrieval information. This article also reviews the literature on memory for stressful events with respect to two major theories: the Yerkes-Dodson law and Easter-brook's cue-utilization hypothesis. To account for the findings from real-life studies and laboratory studies, this article discusses the possibility that emotional events receive some preferential processing mediated by factors related to early perceptual processing and late conceptual processing.

Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: a critical review.

Since trauma arises from an inescapable stressful event that overwhelms people's coping mechanisms, it is uncertain to what degree the results of laboratory studies of ordinary events are relevant to the understanding of traumatic memories. This paper reviews the literature on differences between recollections of stressful and of traumatic events. It then reviews the evidence implicating dissociation as the central pathogenic mechanism that gives rise to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A systematic exploratory study of 46 subjects with PTSD indicated that traumatic memories were retrieved, at least initially, in the form of dissociated mental imprints of sensory and affective elements of the traumatic experience: as visual, olfactory, affective, auditory, and kinesthetic experiences. Over time, subjects reported the gradual emergence of a personal narrative that can be properly referred to as “explicit memory.” The implications of these findings for understanding the nature of traumatic memories are discussed.

Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study

Assessing the value of structured protocols for forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims.

We conducted two experiments to investigate if college students would create false memories of childhood experiences in response to misleading information and repeated interviews. In both experiments we contacted parents to obtain information about events that happened to the students during childhood. In a series of interviews we asked the students to recall the parent-reported events and one experimenter-created false event. In the second experiment we varied the age at which we claimed the false event occurred. In both experiments we found that some individuals created false memories in these circumstances and in the second experiment we found no effect of age of attempted incorporation. In the second experiment we also found that those who discussed related background knowledge during the early interviews were more likely to create a false recall. Generalizations to therapy contexts are discussed.

False memories of childhood experiences.

Field studies of eyewitness memory of actual crimes.

Eyewitness’ characteristics and memory : an in situ analysis

Vingt et un temoins ont observe un echange de coups de feu au cours duquel une personne a ete tuee et une seconde gravement blessee. L'incident s'est produit a un grand carrefour en plein midi. Treize des temoins ont accepte de se preter a des entretiens cinq mois apres l'evenement; qualite du rappel des elements visuels apres ce delai

A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime.

This chapter examines the appropriateness of statement analysis in the evaluation of adult eyewitness testimony. A distinction is made between the cognitive and the motivational aspects of statement analysis. The cognitive evaluation focuses on the detail and accuracy of the account. This has been the concern of the laboratory based studies of eyewitness testimony. The motivational evaluation is concerned with assessing the credibility of the account. The chapter presents a review of field studies which evaluated the cognitive aspects of eyewitness accounts of actual crimes. It is concluded that for some crimes witnesses can form remarkable memories. A remarkable memory is distinguished by its detail, its accuracy and the fact that it persists over time. Such memories stand in contrast to those usually studied in the laboratory. A quantitative procedure has proved useful in the analysis of real witness’ memory. The chapter concludes with an examination of a laboratory study and a criminal case in which the quantitative procedure was combined with qualitative analysis to evaluate statement credibility. The preliminary results indicate that this combination of approaches may be effective in assisting credibility assessment.

Analysis of the statements of victims, witnesses and suspects.

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Field studies of eyewitness memory of actual crimes.

Eyewitness’ characteristics and memory : an in situ analysis

A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime.

Analysis of the statements of victims, witnesses and suspects.