Biomarkers are vital in healthcare as they provide valuable insights into disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and personalized medicine. They serve as objective indicators, enabling early detection and intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced costs. Biomarkers also guide treatment decisions by predicting disease outcomes and facilitating individualized treatment plans. They play a role in monitoring disease progression, adjusting treatments, and detecting early signs of recurrence. Furthermore, biomarkers enhance drug development and clinical trials by identifying suitable patients and accelerating the approval process. In this review paper, we described a variety of biomarkers applicable for cancer detection and diagnosis, such as imaging-based diagnosis (CT, SPECT, MRI, and PET), blood-based biomarkers (proteins, genes, mRNA, and peptides), cell imaging-based diagnosis (needle biopsy and CTC), tissue imaging-based diagnosis (IHC), and genetic-based biomarkers (RNAseq, scRNAseq, and spatial transcriptomics).

Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis

Background
To identify specific exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) as serum biomarkers for prediction of metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jcla.23004

Tumor-derived exosomal miRNA-320d as a biomarker for metastatic colorectal cancer.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of their target mRNAs post transcriptionally. miRNAs are known to regulate not just a gene but the whole gene network (signaling pathways). Accumulating evidence(s) suggests that miRNAs can work either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, but some miRNAs have a dual nature since they can act as both. miRNA 205 (miR-205) is one such highly conserved miRNA that can act as both, oncomiRNA and tumor suppressor. However, most reports confirm its emerging role as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. This review focuses on the downregulated expression of miR-205 and discusses its dysregulation in breast, prostate, skin, liver, gliomas, pancreatic, colorectal and renal cancers. This review also confers its role in tumor initiation, progression, cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and tumor metastasis. Restoration of miR-205 makes cells more sensitive to drug treatments and mitigates drug resistance. Additionally, the importance of miR-205 in chemosensitization and its utilization as potential biomedicine and nanotherapy is described. Together, this review research article sheds a light on its application as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker, and as a biomedicine in cancer.

/pdf/mir-205-a-potential-biomedicine-for-cancer-therapy-4jixrw4bbs.pdf

miR-205: A Potential Biomedicine for Cancer Therapy

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in tumorigenesis. It has been reported that the lncRNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) may act as an oncogenic regulator in several cancers. However, the biological mechanism of action of NEAT1, particularly the miRNA sponge role in colorectal cancer (CRC), has not been fully elucidated. In our study, the expression of NEAT1, miR-205-5p, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in CRC cell lines were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell migration and invasion were examined by wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), and dual-luciferase and RNA pull-down assays were conducted to determine the correlation between miR-205-5p and NEAT1 or VEGFA. VEGFA, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, and MMP9 protein and mRNA expression were measured by western blotting and RT-qPCR analysis, respectively. Our results demonstrated high expression of NEAT1 and VEGFA and low expression of miR-205-5p in CRC cell lines. The RIP and dual-luciferase assays confirmed miR-205-5p as a target of NEAT1. In addition, VEGFA was identified as a direct target of miR-205-5p. Inhibition of NEAT1 or overexpression of miR-205-5p was able to repress VEGFA expression. Moreover, downregulation of NEAT1 and VEGFA inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. NEAT1 overexpression facilitated tumor growth by modulating miR-205-5p. Taken together, lncRNA NEAT1 was found to be upregulated in CRC cell lines, promoting CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulating the miR-205-5p/VEGFA signaling pathway. These findings suggest that NEAT1 may be a promising biomarker in CRC diagnosis and treatment.

Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by regulating miR-205-5p/VEGFA axis

The aim of this study was to determine oncogenic and tumor-suppressing miRNA profiles associated with the development and progression of cancer using tumor tissues from patients with colorectal cancer (stage II) that did not show nodal spread or advanced metastasis to identify potential biomarkers. A microarray system (GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array chip, Affymetrix) was used to determine the microRNA profiles of five patients with stage II colon cancer based on normal and colon tumor tissues. Of 32 identified miRNAs, an increase in three microRNAs (hsa-miR-4745-5p, hsa-miR-6126, and hsa-miR-1469) was observed in tumor tissues relative to that in control tissues. Additionally, this study demonstrated for the first time that the expression of the 8 miRNAs (hsa-miR-378i, hsa-miR-378a-3p, hsa-miR-378c, hsa-miR-378d, hsa-miR-378e, hsa-miR-378f, hsa-miR-378a-5p, and hsa-miR-378g) from miR-378 members among the differentially expressed miRNAs is reduced. The target genes of these downregulated miRNAs were determined by using DIANA miRPath v3. The effect of identified genes on colon cancer stage II was determined the biological process and biological pathway using Funrich Gene Enrichment. It was revealed that these miRNAs were affected the signaling pathways which control cell proliferation, cell-cell interaction, and apoptosis in stage II colon cancer. In patients with early stage II colon cancer, miR-378 can be used as a biomarker of colorectal cancer. Thus, miR-378 can facilitate treatment with early diagnosis.

Novel miRNAs as potential biomarkers in stage II colon cancer: microarray analysis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which are critical in a diverse range of biological processes, including development, differentiation, homeostasis, and in the formation of diseases by accelerating and/or inhibiting the translation of mRNAs. The present study aimed to examine the potential role of miRNA (miR)-205-5p in the developmental process of colorectal cancer (CRC) through protein-tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7). Initially, TargetScan was used to predict the miRNA target sites in the sequence of the PTK7 3′-untranslated region. It was then found that the mRNA expression level of miR-205-5p was lower in CRC cells, determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and there was a negative correlation between miR-205-5p and PTK7 in CRC tissues. It was also found that miR-205-5p regulated the gene transcription of PTK7, determined using a luciferase reporter assay. The results of RT-qPCR and western blot analyses in human colorectal cancer revealed that miR-205-5p suppressed the expression of PTK7. Finally, it was revealed that miR-205-5p restricted the proliferation ability of CRC cells through inhibiting PTK7, which was determined using colony forming and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. miR-205-5p accelerated cell apoptosis through inhibiting PTK7, demonstrated using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. The results of a Transwell assay indicated that miR-205-5p inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells through inhibiting PTK7. Therefore, miR-205-5p is involved in the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC through inhibiting PTK7.

/pdf/mir-205-5p-ptk7-axis-is-involved-in-the-proliferation-clz7bfv69j.pdf

miR‑205‑5p/PTK7 axis is involved in the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC) using microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles. The mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of the GSE2509 and GSE56350 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified using the limma software package. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used to perform Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs. The predicted target genes associated with the DEMs were identified using the miRWalk database and the enrichment analysis was conducted using the clusterProfiler package. The miRNA-gene molecular interaction network was visualized using the Cytoscape software platform. A total of 544 DEGs and 42 DEMs were identified. DEGs were annotated in 320 GO terms and 11 KEGG pathways. Overall, 366 miRNA-gene pairs were identified and the miRNA-gene network was visualized. Furthermore, the predicted target genes were mainly classified in 12 pathways. The results of the present study suggest that fibronectin type III domain-containing 3B, cysteine rich transmembrane BMP regulator 1 and forkhead box J2 may be potential therapeutic and prognostic targets of metastatic CRC. In addition, pathways in cancer, the Wnt signaling pathway and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction may play a critical role in CRC metastasis.

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ol.2017.7044/download

Exploration of the mechanism of colorectal cancer metastasis using microarray analysis

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Juan Wang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

miR‑205‑5p/PTK7 axis is involved in the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells.

Exploration of the mechanism of colorectal cancer metastasis using microarray analysis