Carbon materials and their composites for electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness in X-band

Lightweight porous materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications are reviewed. EMI shielding refers to the capability of a material to protect from electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by electronic devices. Traditionally conducting metals are used in EMI shielding applications, which are slowly being replaced by conducting polymer based shields. This review is narrowly focused on understanding the approaches related to porous high EMI shielding composite materials that have very low density values. While metallic fillers can increase the EMI shielding capabilities of polymers, they also increase the weight, which can be offset by inducing the porosity in the matrix. Porosity is found to be effective in providing higher shielding effectiveness at low filler volume fraction due to concentrating the filler in the solid polymers. However, use of gas porosity results in composites with low mechanical properties. This problem can be alleviated to some extent by reinforcing polymer foams with lightweight conductivefillers such as carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. But the properties of pores such aspore size and distribution cannot be effectively controlled in such cases. Syntactic foams containing hollow particle fillers seem to be the best combination of EMI shielding capabilities and mechanical properties. These composites can be either filled with a second phase conducting filler, or hollow particles can be coated with a conducting layer, or hollow particles made of conducting materials can be used as fillers. The hollow particle wall thickness and volume fractions can be optimized to obtain the desired combination of properties in syntactic foams to enable their multifunctional applications.

A review of porous lightweight composite materials for electromagnetic interference shielding

Graphene aerogels (GAs) offer a distinctive combination of high porosity, low density, large specific surface area and high compressibility, which make it grab considerable attention in various applications, in particular for high performance electromagnetic wave attenuation. The internal porous structure and three-dimensional (3D) network of GAs solve the phenomenon of graphene sheet layer agglomeration, high conductivity and impedance mismatch in two-dimensional graphene, which is conducive to the improvement of microwave absorption performance. In addition, GAs incorporate other lossy materials as a framework have been widely studied to achieve more efficient microwave absorption. Herein, the latest advances in the synthetic strategies and structural characteristics of graphene-based materials are reviewed. Furthermore, we summarized recent advances in graphene-based aerogels as microwave absorbing materials, including pure GAs and hybrid aerogels with other lossy materials. In addition, we also highlighted the multifunctional microwave absorbing materials. On this basis, we summarized the research status of graphene-based microwave absorbing aerogels and put forward the challenges and outlook of graphene-based microwave absorbing aerogels.

A review of three-dimensional graphene-based aerogels: Synthesis, structure and application for microwave absorption

Recent progress on carbon-based composite materials for microwave electromagnetic interference shielding

In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites’ mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.

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A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications.

Reduced graphene oxide modified carbon fiber (rGO-CF) was synthesized by electrophoretic deposition and chemical reduction. The GO concentration, electrophoretic time and voltage were taken as variables. Epoxy based composites (rGO-CF/EP) were prepared through molding process and the effects of electrophoretic condition on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of rGO-CF/EP were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that rGO nanosheets were successfully immobilized on CF. The shielding effectiveness (SE) of composites was tested, and the electrophoretic time and voltage have positive impact on SE value. When the voltage increased to 21 V for 60 min, the rGO-CF/EP composite obtained maximum EMI SE of 37.6 dB, which had a 47.6% improvement than that of CF/EP. Furthermore, a high calculated electrical conductivity of 7.20 S/m was achieved at the same condition. Therefore, controlling the electrophoretic condition is available to achieve lightweight high EMI shielding rGO-CF/EP.

Effect of electrophoretic condition on the electromagnetic interference shielding performance of reduced graphene oxide-carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites

The 3D hierarchically porous reduced graphene oxide/cornstalk activated carbon/Fe3O4 (RGO/AC/Fe3O4) composite was synthesized by a simple mixing process combined with heat treatment process. AC could facilitate the formation of 3D network and the good dispersion of fillers in the composite. The well-constructed 3D hierarchically porous microstructure due to the introduction of AC was beneficial for good synergistic effect and multiple transmission-absorption mechanism. With 5% mass fraction of RGO/AC/Fe3O4 in paraffin wax, the minimum RL value reached −34.78 dB at 11.90 GHz, and the absorption bandwidth (RL

Synthesis of RGO/AC/Fe3O4 composite having 3D hierarchically porous morphology for high effective electromagnetic wave absorption

In this study, sisal fiber (SF) was treated with graphene oxide (GO) by means of physical absorption method. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used to modify PP matrix. The GO-SF/MAPP-PP composites with different fiber loading were fabricated by using extrusion compounding and injection molding techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the fracture surface demonstrated that the interface adhesion between SF and PP matrix was enhanced by the combination treatment of GO and MAPP. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated that GO could play a role of β-nucleating agent for PP crystallization. The combination treatment of GO and MAPP also displayed an effective enhancement on mechanical properties, melting temperature and water resistance of the GO-SF/MAPP-PP composite, which is an useful method to fabricate high performance natural fiber reinforced bio-composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Graphene oxide decorated sisal fiber/MAPP modified PP composites: Toward high‐performance biocomposites

In this work, large-sized reduced graphene oxide@activated carbon (LRGO@AC) and CoFe2O4 were prepared by thermal reduction and solvothermal method. The epoxy resin based composites were successfully synthesized via a simple physical mixing way. Its complex permittivity, permeability, and reflection loss (RL) were characterized by using an Agilent N5234A vector network analyzer. The results showed that the LRGO@AC/CoFe2O4/epoxy composite presented excellent EM wave absorption performance at a 5 wt% loading of LRGO@AC/CoFe2O4. The minimum RL value reached − 42.70 dB at 11.24 GHz and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL <  − 10 dB) reached 5.45 GHz with a matching thickness of 3.0 mm. The excellent EM wave absorption performance was due to the unique 3D conductive network structure of LRGO which is conducive to the uniform dispersion of LRGO@AC and CoFe2O4 in the matrix, which facilitates the interaction of the filler in the epoxy resin and promotes the synergistic effect of electromagnetic loss. Moreover, the results of HFSS show that the radar cross section (RCS) can be reduced rapidly. Therefore, the LRGO@AC/CoFe2O4 would be a useful absorbing material.

Epoxy resin based composite filled with low-loading LRGO@AC and CoFe 2 O 4 for excellent electromagnetic absorption performance

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Papers

Effect of electrophoretic condition on the electromagnetic interference shielding performance of reduced graphene oxide-carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites

Synthesis of RGO/AC/Fe3O4 composite having 3D hierarchically porous morphology for high effective electromagnetic wave absorption

Graphene oxide decorated sisal fiber/MAPP modified PP composites: Toward high‐performance biocomposites

Epoxy resin based composite filled with low-loading LRGO@AC and CoFe 2 O 4 for excellent electromagnetic absorption performance