Several biomedical analyses are performed on particular types of cells present in body samples or using functionalized microparticles. Success in such analyses depends on the ability to separate or isolate the target cells or microparticles from the rest of the sample. In conventional procedures, multiple pieces of equipment, such as centrifuges, magnets, and macroscale filters, are used for such purposes, which are time-consuming, associated with human error, and require several operational steps. In the past two decades, there has been a tendency to develop microfluidic techniques, so-called lab-on-a-chip, to miniaturize and automate these procedures. The processes used for the separation and isolation of the cells and microparticles are scaled down into a small microfluidic chip, requiring very small amounts of sample. Differences in the physical and biological properties of the target cells from the other components present in the sample are the key to the development of such microfluidic techniques. These techniques are categorized as filtration-, hydrodynamic-, dielectrophoretic-, acoustic- and magnetic-based methods. Here we review the microfluidic techniques developed for sorting, separation, and isolation of cells and microparticles for biomedical applications. The mechanisms behind such techniques are thoroughly explained and the applications in which these techniques have been adopted are reviewed.

A review of sorting, separation and isolation of cells and microbeads for biomedical applications: microfluidic approaches.

Rapid, efficient, and accurate detection of foodborne bacteria is important for public health and food safety; however, point-of-care testing remains a limiting factor in the field. Compared with traditional methods, the use of microfluidic chips in monitoring foodborne bacteria has the advantages of miniaturization, automation, integration, high throughput, and low consumption. Notably, the combination of nanomaterials with microfluidics further provides an improved method of pathogen detection with superior, rapid, and sensitive detection efficiencies. This review presents a broad overview of a wide range of microfluidic chips, including the magnetic nanomaterial-based assay, metal nanomaterial-based assay, carbon nanomaterial-based assay, quantum dot-based assay, and upconversion nanoparticle-based assay, for the detection of foodborne bacteria using different nanomaterials. Additionally, the main challenges that exist for translation of scientific research into product development are discussed. On this basis, we provide perspectives on both future technological directions and potential applications, which will guide researchers in identifying the most promising areas of development in this field. 

Advances in nanomaterial-based microfluidic platforms for on-site detection of foodborne bacteria

Rapid, sensitive, and selective bacterial detection is a hot topic, because the progress in this research area has had a broad range of applications. Novel and innovative strategies for detection and identification of bacterial nucleic acids are important for practical applications. Microfluidics is an emerging technology that only requires small amounts of liquid samples. Microfluidic devices allow for rapid advances in microbiology, enabling access to methods of amplifying nucleic acid molecules and overcoming difficulties faced by conventional. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in microfluidics-based polymerase chain reaction devices for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers. The paper also discusses the recent development of isothermal nucleic acid amplification and droplet-based microfluidics devices. We discuss recent microfluidic techniques for sample preparation prior to the amplification process.

Microfluidic-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Systems in Microbiology

In this article, we study the thermo-elastic vibration of axially functionally graded material (FGM) pipe conveying fluid considering temperature changes. The governing equation based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory is solved by differential quadrature method. The FGM properties are defined by the property ratios and the volume fraction functions. Power volume fraction function and exponent volume fraction function are compared. We also use sigmoid volume fraction functions so that the exclusive influence of function distribution can be isolated from that of total material proportions. The property ratios’ effects of elasticity and thermo-elasticity gradient are also discussed. Based on the numerical results of first-order dimensionless frequencies and critical flow velocities, concerning thermo-elasticity gradient can theoretically change the stability of the pipe. And the influences of the pure distribution on the first-order critical flow velocities are much smaller than that of the varying total proportions of the component materials. These conclusions will hopefully be used as reference for FGM pipe designing and fabricating.

A parametric study on thermo-mechanical vibration of axially functionally graded material pipe conveying fluid

Foodborne pathogens contamination is one of the main sources of food safety problems. Although the existing detection methods have been developed for a long time, the complexity of food samples is still the main factor affecting the detection time and sensitivity, and the rapid separation and enrichment of pathogens is still an objective to be studied. Magnetic separation strategy based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is considered to be an effective tool for rapid separation and enrichment of foodborne pathogens in food. Therefore, this study comprehensively reviews the development of MNPs in the separation of foodborne pathogens over the past decade. First, various biorecognition reagents for identification of foodborne pathogens and their modifications on the surface of MNPs are introduced. Then, the factors affecting the separation of foodborne pathogens, including the size of MNPs, modification methods, separation strategies and separation forms are discussed. Finally, the application of MNPs in integrated detection methods is reviewed. Moreover, current challenges and prospects of MNPs for the analysis of foodborne pathogens are discussed. Further research should focus on the design of multifunctional MNPs, the processing of large-scale samples, the simultaneous analysis of multiple targets, and the development of all-in-one small analytical device with separation and detection.

Advances in magnetic nanoparticles for the separation of foodborne pathogens: Recognition, separation strategy, and application.

Molecular diagnosis of biofilm-related genes (BRGs) in common bacteria that cause periprosthetic joint infections may provide crucial information for clinicians. In this study, several BRGs, including ica, fnbA, and fnbB, were rapidly detected (within 1 h) with a new integrated microfluidic system. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-coated magnetic beads were used to isolate these bacteria, and on-chip nucleic acid amplification (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) was then performed to detect BRGs. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic MBLs were able to isolate common bacterial strains, regardless of their antibiotic resistance, and limits of detection were as low as 3 and 9 CFU for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, when using a universal 16S rRNA PCR assay for bacterial identification. It is worth noting that the entire process including bacteria isolation by using MBL-coated beads for sample pre-treatment, on-chip PCR, and fluorescent signal detection could be completed on an integrated microfluidic system within 1 h. This is the first time that an integrated microfluidic system capable of detecting BRGs by using MBL as a universal capturing probe was reported. This integrated microfluidic system might therefore prove useful for monitoring profiles of BRGs and give clinicians more clues for their clinical judgments in the near future.

An integrated microfluidic system using mannose-binding lectin for bacteria isolation and biofilm-related gene detection

Necrotic fasciitis (NF) is a particularly aggressive and serious infection of the fascia that can penetrate into the musculature and internal organs, resulting in death if not treated promptly. In this work, an integrated microfluidic system composed of micropumps, microvalves, and micromixers was used to automate the detection of pathogens associated with NF. The entire molecular diagnostic process, including bacteria isolation, lysis, nucleic acid amplification and optical detection steps, was enacted on this developed system. Mannose binding lectin coated magnetic beads were first used as probes to isolate all bacteria in a sample. In this work, polymerase chain reaction assays featuring primers specific to genes from each of four NF-causing bacteria (Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and methicillin-sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus) were used to rapidly and exclusively verify the presence of the respective bacterial strains, and the limits of detection were experimentally found to ...

/pdf/rapid-identification-of-pathogens-responsible-for-4gc7z2prr6.pdf

Rapid identification of pathogens responsible for necrotizing fasciitis on an integrated microfluidic system

this study presents a simple microfluidic device which can perform sample pretreatment automatically for rapid bacteria detection. Herein, a new approach to rapidly isolate bacteria incorporated with vancomycin-conjugated magnetic beads by using a new membrane-type microfluidic component with a floating block was proposed and its performance was tested and verified. The experimental results showed the proposed device can automatically isolate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from 4 µL of samples within 90 seconds including bacteria isolation and washing processes. Not only does the new membrane-type microfluidic device perform rigid mixing, but it is also capable of uniform sample transportation. Furthermore, it has been successfully demonstrated that it could isolate bacteria in an automated format. With its great mixing efficiency and robust performance, the proposed device might be a promising approach for bacteria diagnosis.

A new membrane-type microfluidic device for rapid bacteria isolation

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An integrated microfluidic system using mannose-binding lectin for bacteria isolation and biofilm-related gene detection

Rapid identification of pathogens responsible for necrotizing fasciitis on an integrated microfluidic system

A new membrane-type microfluidic device for rapid bacteria isolation