http://ijil.ui.ac.id/index.php/home/article/download/556/pdf_441

How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory

http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1375513/FULLTEXT01

“Forest property rights under attack” : Actors, networks and claims about forest ownership in the Swedish press 2014–2017

The paper focuses on judicial politics in three international organizations: the European Union, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the World Trade Organization. The courts of these regimes are trustee courts, operating in an environment of judicial supremacy with respect to states. An international trustee court meets three criteria: (1) the court is the authoritative interpreter of the regime’s law; (2) the court’s jurisdiction, with regard to state compliance with treaty law, is compulsory; and (3) it is virtually impossible, in practice, for contracting states to reverse the court’s important rulings. After developing a theory of trusteeship, we turn to how judges have used their position of supremacy. The case studies focus on the adjudication of what have been the courts’ most politically-sensitive set of disputes, cases involving state claims to exemptions from treaty obligations for measures that are “necessary” to achieve a specified public interest. Although there is variation, we find that each court has engaged in a strategy of “majoritarian activism,” producing law that reflects standard practices or a high degree of state consensus but which would not be adopted by member states under unanimity decision-rules. Majoritarian activism helps judges develop the law in a progressive manner, to mitigate potential legitimacy problems, and to render efforts at curbing the growth of their authority improbable or ineffective.

Trustee Courts and the Judicialization of International Regimes: The Politics of Majoritarian Activism in the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Union, and the World Trade Organization

Nordic welfare state ideologies inform democratic and transparent land use and building practices. A closer examination reveals how variously these ideals are translated into practice. Finnish law ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0739456X18785443

Relationality of the Law: On the Legal Collisions in the Finnish Planning and Land Use Practices:

A ‘safe zone’ refers to an area established in armed conflict for the purposes of protecting civilians. This article provides the first legal analysis of whether safe zones can be invoked as a ground for refusing asylum. It examines the concept of the Internal Protection Alternative (IPA) which posits that an individual is not a refugee if there is a safe place within his/her country where he/she can relocate. It clarifies the applicable criteria in the IPA inquiry and uses three case studies to illustrate that safe zones can only qualify as lawful IPAs in exceptional circumstances.

/pdf/safe-zones-and-the-internal-protection-alternative-3yllduc3si.pdf

Safe zones and the internal protection alternative

The Supreme Administrative Court

The European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”) suffers from the burgeoning caseload and challenges to its authority. This two-pronged crisis undermines the ECtHR’s legitimacy and consequently the functioning of the whole European human rights regime. Domestic courts can serve as welcome allies of the Strasbourg Court. They have a potential to diffuse Convention norms domestically, and therefore prevent and filter many potential human rights violations. Yet, we know very little about how domestic courts actually treat the Strasbourg Court’s rulings. This book brings unique empirical findings on how often, how and with what consequences domestic judges work with the ECtHR’s case law. It moves beyond the narrow concept of compliance and develops a new three-level methodology for analysing the role played by domestic courts in the implementation of ECtHR case law. Moreover, using the example of Czechia, it shifts the attention from Western countries to a more volatile Central and Eastern European region, which has recently witnessed democratic backsliding and backlash against international checks on human rights and the rule of law standards. Looking at a wider social and legal context, this book identifies factors helping transitional countries to adapt to regional human rights regimes.
The work will be an essential resource for students, academics and policy-makers working in the areas of Constitutional law, Politics and Human Rights law. Its global appeal is enhanced by the methodological framework which is applicable in other international systems.

Domestic Judicial Treatment of European Court of Human Rights Case Law: Beyond Compliance

The concept of judicial compliance has attracted plenty of attention in the last two decades. Yet, despite the growing scholarly interest, important research questions remain largely unresolved. This is partly due to the persistent use of unsystematic research, built on the cherry picking of cases. The content of only a few well-known judgments has been thoroughly examined, and the rest remains largely ignored by the legal scholarship. The aim of this article is to introduce a sketch of a new three-level approach for improving research on judicial compliance in a multi-level arena. We show how the use of automated text analysis in combination with more traditional legal methods might shed more light on the concept of judicial compliance and judicial dialogues. We explain the procedure of the automated collection of data and their coding and also point out the risks of using automated text analysis when studying judicial compliance. The approach is demonstrated on a single case study of the use of European Court of Human Rights rulings by Czech apex courts. This study assesses how often and in what way the domestic courts engage with the European Court of Human Rights case law.

/pdf/searching-for-a-reference-using-automated-text-analysis-to-3jyrl3fhg6.pdf

Searching for a reference : using automated text analysis to study judicial compliance

Otazka, proc staty přistupuji k mezinarodnim smlouvam o lidských pravech, zůstava předmětem diskuze v politicke i pravni vědě. Ve snaze nalezt odpověď na tento výzkumný problem bylo předloženo mnoho různých hypotez, z nichž některe vychazeji z obsahu uzaviraných smluv (z povahy chraněneho prava nebo ze sily kontrolniho mechanismu), zatimco jine se zaměřuji na vnějsi faktory (přistoupeni ke smlouvě je vysvětlovano tlakem mezinarodniho spolecenstvi ci domaci politicke sceny). Empiricke důkazy k podpoře těchto teorii jsou vsak mnohdy ne zcela přesvědcive, a důvody, proc staty podepisuji a ratifikuji mezinarodni umluvy o lidských pravech, tak zůstavaji nejasne. Nasim cilem je přispět do teto vědecke diskuze novým detailnim zkoumanim praxe přistupovani k mezinarodnim lidskopravnim umluvam na připadu dvou postkomunistických statů – Ceske republiky a Slovenska –, jakož i jejich spolecných předchůdců: nedemokratickeho Ceskoslovenska a transformaci prochazejici Ceskoslovenske federativni republiky. Ackoli si Ceska republika a Slovensko prosly velmi podobným mezinarodnim vývojem, utvařeným takřka totožnými stimuly i překažkami, vývoj vnitrostatni se po rozpadu federace v obou zemich znacně lisil, což pro zkoumani slibuje plodnou „laboratoř“.

Making Sense of Human Rights Commitments: A Study of Two Emerging European Democracies

Ceska republika opakovaně zdůrazňuje, že lidska prava zajimaji
v jeji zahranicni politice klicove misto. Stat použivajici
obdobnou normativni argumentaci, vsak musi sve zamsry
prokazovat i v praxi, jinak nebude vniman jeko seriozni a
důvěryhodný akter. Clanek se soustředi na koncept lidskopravni
důvěryhodnosti statu v ramci jeho vnitřni politiky; a to z
hlediska dodržovani lidských prav vůci svemu obyvatelstvu, což
je mapovano velkým poctem zprav vladnich a mimovladnich
organizaci, a zaroveň ochotou brat na sebe mezinarodni
lidskopravni zavazky. Clanek poskytuje kvantitativni přehled
toho, jak Ceska republika podpisuje a ratifikuje mezinarodni
smlouvy, ktere maji význam v lidskopravni oblasti, a to i ve
srovnani se staty EU a V4

/pdf/mezinarodni-zavazky-ceske-republiky-v-oblasti-lidskych-prav-2kcxdtq0bh.pdf

Mezinárodní závazky České republiky v oblasti lidských práv

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