Themajorityofexperimentsinplantbiologyuseplantsgrowninsomekindofcontainerorpot.Weconducteda meta-analysison65studiesthatanalysedtheeffectofpotsizeongrowthandunderlyingvariables.Onaverage,adoublingof the pot size increased biomass production by 43%. Further analysis of pot size effects on the underlying components of growth suggests that reduced growth in smaller pots is caused mainly by a reduction in photosynthesis per unit leaf area, ratherthanbychangesinleafmorphologyorbiomassallocation.Theappropriatepotsizewilllogicallydependonthesizeof theplantsgrowinginthem.Basedonvariouslinesofevidencewesuggestthatanappropriatepotsizeisoneinwhichtheplant biomass does not exceed 1gL -1 . In current research practice ~65% of the experiments exceed that threshold. We suggest thatresearchersneedtocarefullyconsiderthepotsizeintheirexperiments,assmallpotsmaychangeexperimentalresultsand defy the purpose of the experiment. Additional keywords: container volume, experimental setup, meta-analysis, pot size, plant growth, rooting volume. Received 16 February 2012, accepted 11 May 2012, published online 15 June 2012

/pdf/pot-size-matters-a-meta-analysis-of-the-effects-of-rooting-3uaamu2m78.pdf

Pot size matters: a meta-analysis of the effects of rooting volume on plant growth

https://www.crec.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/diaprepes/bibliography/PDF/BioCont381.pdf

Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control

Residential landscapes are a common setting of human-environment interactions. These ubiquitous ecosystems provide social and ecological services, and yard maintenance leads to intended and unintended ecological outcomes. The ecological characteristics of residential landscapes and the human drivers of landscape management have been the focus of disciplinary studies, often at a single scale of analysis. However, an interdisciplinary examination of residential landscapes is needed to understand the feedbacks and tradeoffs of these complex adaptive social-ecological systems as a whole. Our aim is to synthesize the diversity of perspectives, scales of analysis, and findings from the literature in order to 1) contribute to an interdisciplinary understanding of residential landscapes and 2) identify research needs while providing a robust conceptual approach for future studies. We synthesize 256 studies from the literature and develop an interdisciplinary, multi-scalar framework on residential landscape dynamics. Complex human drivers (attitudinal, structural, and institutional factors) at multiple scales influence management practices and the feedbacks with biophysical characteristics of residential landscapes. However, gaps exist in our interdisciplinary understanding of residential landscapes within four key but understudied areas: 1) the link between social drivers and ecological outcomes of management decisions, 2) the ecosystem services provided by these landscapes to residents, 3) the interactions of social drivers and ecological characteristics across scales, and 4) generalizations of patterns and processes across cities. Our systems perspective will help to guide future interdisciplinary collaborations to integrate theories and research methods across geographic locations and spatial scales.

Residential landscapes as social-ecological systems: a synthesis of multi-scalar interactions between people and their home environment

Urbanization affects communities of herbivorous arthropods and provides opportunities for dramatic changes in their abundance and richness. Underlying these changes are creation of impervious surfaces; variation in the density, diversity, and complexity of vegetation; and maintenance practices including pulsed inputs of fertilizers, water, and pesticides. A rich body of knowledge provides theoretical underpinnings for predicting and understanding impacts of urbanization on arthropods. However, relatively few studies have elucidated mechanisms that explain patterns of insect and mite abundance and diversity across urbanization gradients. Published accounts suggest that responses to urbanization are often taxon specific, highly variable, and linked to properties of urbanization that weaken top-down and/or bottom-up processes, thereby destabilizing populations of herbivores and their natural enemies. In addition to revealing patterns in diversity and abundance of herbivores across urbanization gradients, a primary objective of this review is to examine mechanisms underlying these patterns and to identify potential hypotheses for future testing.

Ecology of Herbivorous Arthropods in Urban Landscapes

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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00152.x

Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation, and the ecology of insects

Rooting volume restriction (RVR) reduces shoot growth of plants provided with sufficient water or nutrients. The effects of RVR on water status, abscisic acid (ABA) levels in leaves, roots, or xylem sap from detopped plants of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai 'StarBrite'] seedlings were evaluated with five rooting volumes (18, 26, 36, 46, or 80 cm 3 ). Shoot water potential increased with increasing rooting volume, with no difference between plants from 18 and 26 cm 3 cells or between plants from 36 and 46 cm 3 cells. Stomatal conductance was not consistently affected by RVR; at 10 and 20 DAE, stomatal conductance in plants grown in 36cm 3 cells was higher than that of plants grown in any other cell volume. Severe RVR (18 and/or 26 cm 3 ) tended to produce plants with higher ABA levels in roots (15 DAE only), xylem sap (all dates), and leaves (5 and 10 DAE). Plants grown in 18 and 26 cm 3 cells had higher root ABA levels than those from 46 and 80 cm 3 cells at 15 DAE. Plants grown in 18 cm 3 cells had the highest xylem sap ABA level at all dates, but ABA levels did not differ among plants grown in the other cell volumes. Plants grown in 18 cm 3 cells at 5 DAE and 18 and 26 cm 3 cells at 10 DAE also had higher leaf ABA levels than those from other rooting volumes. The results suggest that ABA may act as a signal for reduced growth of plants under RVR conditions.

Water relations and abscisic acid levels of watermelon as affected by rooting volume restriction

Good fertilizer management is important in plug seedling production of bedding plants to prevent nutrient deficiencies and toxicities. We determined the effect of N, P, and K nutrition on the growth of plugs of impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f.), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr.), salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem.& Schult.), and vinca (Catharanthus roseus L.). For all four species, shoot N concentration was correlated linearly with shoot dry mass of the seedlings at transplant. Phosphorus or K concentration in the nutrient solution or shoot tissue had little or no effect on the shoot growth of seedlings, but shoot P levels increased with P concentrations in the fertilizer solution (luxury consumption). Salvia was the only species that also exhibited luxury consumption of K. Results of this study indicate that seedling growth of these species is mainly determined by N and this should probably be the main focus of fertility programs in the plug industry, while P and K applications can be reduced.

/pdf/fertilizer-effects-on-the-growth-of-impatiens-petunia-salvia-ymhop64063.pdf

Fertilizer Effects on the Growth of Impatiens, Petunia, Salvia, and Vinca Plug Seedlings

The effect of mechanical stress on transplant growth and subsequent yield of four cultivars of cucumber

/pdf/factors-influencing-pesticide-use-and-integrated-pest-279s8ajs9r.pdf

Factors Influencing Pesticide Use and Integrated Pest Management Implementation in Urban Landscapes: A Case Study in Atlanta

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO3 −:NH4 +) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO3 − as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH4 + as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO3 − as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH4 +. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO3 −‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), c...

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

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