https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/106348/1/fuel%20last%20revision.pdf

Bioconversion of food waste to energy : a review

Depletion of fossil fuels, environmental damage due to pollution and energy security have intensified research on alternative liquid biofuels. A major portion of municipal solid waste is food waste. Huge quantities of food waste is generated worldwide and currently its disposal is becoming a challenge. Food waste contain carbohydrates, lipids, phosphates, vitamins and amino acids. Carbohydrate, lipid and carbon containing materials present in food waste can be converted to bioethanol, biodiesel and biooil. Lipid extracted from food waste is converted to biodiesel in 95–97% yield. On the other hand, 92–96% bioethanol obtained by fermentation of food waste. Along this line, pyrolysis of food waste can be performed to obtain biooil and biochar. In this paper, technical feasibility, prospects and policies for liquid biofuel preparation from food waste was evaluated. Also, limitations of using food waste as a resource for biofuel production is discussed.

Liquid biofuels from food waste: current trends, prospect and limitation

Kinetic modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated kitchen wastes for enhancing bioethanol production.

This book presents the latest advances in and current research perspectives on the field of urban/industrial solid waste recycling for bio-energy and bio-fuel recovery. It chiefly focuses on five main areas, namely bioreactor landfills coupled with energy and nutrient recovery; microbial insights into anaerobic digestion; greenhouse gas emission assessment; pyrolysis techniques for special waste treatment; and industrial waste stabilization options. In addition, it compiles the results of case studies and solid waste management perspectives from different countries.

/pdf/recycling-of-solid-waste-for-biofuels-and-bio-chemicals-3pu8y3mlh9.pdf

Recycling of Solid Waste for Biofuels and Bio-chemicals

Over the past 20 years, the term “sustainability” and the concept of “sustainable development” are one of the main issues that have been underlined by policy makers and researchers at the national and international levels. This chapter aims to provide a general overview on food waste valorization methods and their effect on the sustainability of food production. While some of the applications in the field of valorization focus on the recovery of the value-added compounds, the others try to convert the food waste into biobased materials and fuels to bring out a biobased economy via biorefinery concept.

Food Waste Valorization

Solid food processing wastes and by-products are cofermented with cheese whey to produce ethanol. The experimental procedure involves the use of an enzymatic process to convert starch and lactose into fermentable sugars. These reducing sugars are then fermented to alcohol by distiller’s dried yeast and a high-ethanol tolerant yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cheese whey is used as a wetting agent and provides macro- and micronutrients for the microorganisms. Cofermenting food processing wastes with cheese whey, in the presence of high- and low-temperature enzymes, induces a 33-36% increase in alcohol yield. This procedure also significantly reduces the fermentation time from 60 to 12 h.

Bioconversion of solid food wastes to ethanol

In this experimental investigation, a procreation approach was used to produce a catalyst based on SnO2@rGO nanocomposite for use in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. Plastic waste oil is one such alternative that helps to ensure the survival of fossil fuels and also lessens the negative impacts of improper waste disposal. The SnO2@rGO nanocomposite was prepared by fine dispersion of SnO2 nanoparticles on monolayer-dispersed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carefully investigated for its potential in adsorbing CO, CO2, NOx, and hydrocarbon (HC). The as-synthesized SnO2@rGO nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and surface area analyses. Then, the impact of catalysts inside the exhaust engine system was evaluated in a realistic setting with a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. As a result, the catalysts reduced harmful pollution emissions while marginally increasing brake-specific fuel consumption. The nanocomposite was shown to exhibit higher NOx adsorption efficiencies when working with different toxic gases. Maximum reductions in the emission of NOx, hydrocarbons, and CO were achieved at a rate of 78%, 62%, and 15%, respectively. These harmful pollutants were adsorbed on the active sites of catalyst and are converted to useful fuel gases through catalytic reduction thereby hindering the trajectory of global warming.

/pdf/synthesis-characterization-and-application-of-sno2-rgo-1veceuec.pdf

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of SnO2@rGO Nanocomposite for Selective Catalytic Reduction of Exhaust Emission in Internal Combustion Engines

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Bioconversion of solid food wastes to ethanol

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of SnO2@rGO Nanocomposite for Selective Catalytic Reduction of Exhaust Emission in Internal Combustion Engines