https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/29005173/Formulation%20of%20Functionalized%20PLGA-PEG.pdf?sequence=1

Formulation of functionalized PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for in vivo targeted drug delivery

The Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan leading to Ephraim, and whenever a survivour of Ephraim said, ''Let me go over,'' the men of Gilead asked him, ''Are you an Ephraimite?'' If he replied, ''No,'' they said, ''All right, say 'Shibboleth'.'' If he said, ''Sibboleth,'' because he could not pronounce the word correctly, they seized him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan. Forty-two thousand Ephraimites were killed at that time. Judges 12:5-6.

/pdf/the-native-language-of-social-cognition-5ezvnskt6n.pdf

The native language of social cognition

Experience plays a crucial role in the development of face processing In the study reported here, we investigated how faces observed within the visual environment affect the development of the face-processing system during the 1st year of life We assessed 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old Caucasian infants' ability to discriminate faces within their own racial group and within three other-race groups (African, Middle Eastern, and Chinese) The 3-month-old infants demonstrated recognition in all conditions, the 6-month-old infants were able to recognize Caucasian and Chinese faces only, and the 9-month-old infants' recognition was restricted to own-race faces The pattern of preferences indicates that the other-race effect is emerging by 6 months of age and is present at 9 months of age The findings suggest that facial input from the infant's visual environment is crucial for shaping the face-processing system early in infancy, resulting in differential recognition accuracy for faces of different races in adulthood

/pdf/the-other-race-effect-develops-during-infancy-evidence-of-bm0ma0d9qz.pdf

The Other-Race Effect Develops During Infancy Evidence of Perceptual Narrowing

Adults are sensitive to the physical differences that define ethnic groups. However, the age at which we become sensitive to ethnic differences is currently unclear. Our study aimed to clarify this by testing newborns and young infants for sensitivity to ethnicity using a visual preference (VP) paradigm. While newborn infants demonstrated no spontaneous preference for faces from either their own- or other-ethnic groups, 3-month-old infants demonstrated a significant preference for faces from their own-ethnic group. These results suggest that preferential selectivity based on ethnic differences is not present in the first days of life, but is learned within the first 3 months of life. The findings imply that adults’ perceptions of ethnic differences are learned and derived from differences in exposure to own- versus other-race faces during early development.

/pdf/three-month-olds-but-not-newborns-prefer-own-race-faces-1cpa705k0g.pdf

Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces

Infant face processing becomes more selective during the first year of life as a function of varying experience with distinct face categories defined by species, race, and age. Given that any individual face belongs to many such categories (e.g. A young Caucasian man’s face) we asked how the neural selectivity for one aspect of facial appearance was affected by category membership along another dimension of variability. 6-month-old infants were shown upright and inverted pictures of either their own mother or a stranger while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. We found that the amplitude of the P400 (a face-sensitive ERP component) was only sensitive to the orientation of the mother’s face, suggesting that “tuning” of the neural response to faces is realized jointly across multiple dimensions of face appearance. .

/pdf/personal-familiarity-influences-the-processing-of-upright-3l18hy1twu.pdf

Personal familiarity influences the processing of upright and inverted faces in infants.

Six experiments based on visual preference procedures were conducted to examine gender categorization of female versus male faces by infants aged 3 to 4 months. In experiment 1, infants familiarized with male faces preferred a female face over a novel male face, but infants familiarized with female faces divided their attention between a male face and a novel female face. Experiment 2 demonstrated that these asymmetrical categorization results were likely due to a spontaneous preference for females. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the preference for females was based on processing of the internal facial features in their upright orientation, and not the result of external hair cues or higher-contrast internal facial features. While experiments 1 through 4 were conducted with infants reared with female primary caregivers, experiment 5 provided evidence that infants reared with male primary caregivers tend to show a spontaneous preference for males. Experiment 6 showed that infants reared with female primary caregivers displayed recognition memory for individual females, but not males. These results suggest that representation of information about human faces by young infants may be influenced by the gender of the primary caregiver.

Representation of the Gender of Human Faces by Infants: A Preference for Female

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Representation of the Gender of Human Faces by Infants: A Preference for Female