Wearable electronics have revolutionized the way physiological parameters are sensed, detected, and monitored. In recent years, advances in flexible and stretchable hybrid electronics have created emergent properties that enhance the compliance of devices to our skin. With their unobtrusive attributes, skin conformable sensors enable applications toward real-time disease diagnosis and continuous healthcare monitoring. Herein, critical perspectives of flexible hybrid electronics toward the future of digital health monitoring are provided, emphasizing its role in physiological sensing. In particular, the strategies within the sensor composition to render flexibility and stretchability while maintaining excellent sensing performance are considered. Next, novel approaches to the functionalization of the sensor for physical or biochemical stimuli are extensively covered. Subsequently, wearable sensors measuring physical parameters such as strain, pressure, temperature, as well as biological changes in metabolites and electrolytes are reported. Finally, their implications toward early disease detection and monitoring are discussed, concluding with a future perspective into the challenges and opportunities in emerging wearable sensor designs for the next few years.

Flexible Hybrid Sensors for Health Monitoring: Materials and Mechanisms to Render Wearability.

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope.

Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.

Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine.

ConspectusIn this Account, we detail recent progress in wearable bioelectronic devices and discuss the future challenges and prospects of on-body noninvasive bioelectronic systems. Bioelectronics is a fast-growing interdisciplinary research field that involves interfacing biomaterials with electronics, covering an array of biodevices, encompassing biofuel cells, biosensors, ingestibles, and implantables. In particular, enzyme-based bioelectronics, built on diverse biocatalytic reactions, offers distinct advantages and represents a centerpiece of wearable biodevices. Such wearable bioelectronic devices predominately rely on oxidoreductase enzymes and have already demonstrated considerable promise for on-body applications ranging from highly selective noninvasive biomarker monitoring to epidermal energy harvesting. These systems can thus greatly increase the analytical capability of wearable devices from the ubiquitous monitoring of mobility and vital signs, toward the noninvasive analysis of important chem...

Wearable Bioelectronics: Enzyme-Based Body-Worn Electronic Devices

Despite the fast development of various energy harvesting and storage devices, their judicious integration into efficient, autonomous, and sustainable wearable systems has not been widely explored. Here, we introduce the concept and design principles of e-textile microgrids by demonstrating a multi-module bioenergy microgrid system. Unlike earlier hybrid wearable systems, the presented e-textile microgrid relies solely on human activity to work synergistically, harvesting biochemical and biomechanical energy using sweat-based biofuel cells and triboelectric generators, and regulating the harvested energy via supercapacitors for high-power output. Through energy budgeting, the e-textile system can efficiently power liquid crystal displays continuously or a sweat sensor-electrochromic display system in pulsed sessions, with half the booting time and triple the runtime in a 10-min exercise session. Implementing "compatible form factors, commensurate performance, and complementary functionality" design principles, the flexible, textile-based bioenergy microgrid offers attractive prospects for the design and operation of efficient, sustainable, and autonomous wearable systems.

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A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular E-textile bioenergy microgrid system.

A new wearable potentiometric tattoo biosensor for real-time on-body monitoring of G-type nerve agents simulant is described. The skin-worn flexible biosensor responds rapidly and selectively to the fluorine-containing organophosphates (OP) nerve agent simulant diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a model OP analyte) in both liquid and vapor phases. The epidermal potentiometric OP biosensor relies on the pH-sensitive polyaniline (PANi) coating on a flexible printed transducer for monitoring the proton release during the enzymatic hydrolysis of DFP by enzyme organophosphate hydrolase (OPH). The sensing electrodes are screen printed on a temporary tattoo paper and are interfaced to a conformal electronic interface that provides wireless data transmission. The skin-worn OP potentiometric sensor can withstand severe mechanical strains without compromising its analytical performance. The biosensor displays a wide dynamic range, fast response and high selectivity towards DFP (including efficient discrimination against organophosphate pesticides), and good reproducibility. The attractive performance of the new wearable biosensor indicates considerable promise for on-body threat detection towards rapid warning regarding potential exposure to G-series nerve agents.

Wearable potentiometric tattoo biosensor for on-body detection of G-type nerve agents simulants

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Wearable potentiometric tattoo biosensor for on-body detection of G-type nerve agents simulants

Laser-Induced Graphene Composites for Printed, Stretchable, and Wearable Electronics