This study examines the relationship of extreme downside risk in various energy markets, including electricity, clean/conventional energy, and carbon markets during several episodes of market turmoil (i.e., Global Financial Crisis, Shale oil revolution, COVID-19 outbreak and the Russian-Ukrainian war). The analysis combines the CAViaR and TVP-VAR techniques, covering the period from August 2005 to May 2023. The results reveal significant interdependencies between electricity and clean energy markets during times of market turmoil. Moreover, the study identifies the transmission of extreme downside risks in periods of crisis. Additionally, we find that including carbon and conventional energy assets in a portfolio with electricity and clean energy can offer diversification benefits. The analysis of net downside risk transmission shows that the crude oil market acts as a net receiver of shocks, while the alternative electricity market functions as a transmitter. Investors and policymakers can leverage these findings to develop appropriate measures that mitigate the adverse effects of extreme downside risk spillovers in different crises. 

Exploring downside risk dependence across energy markets: Electricity, conventional energy, carbon, and clean energy during episodes of market crises

Faced with the severe climate change situation, the major economies of the world have gradually developed carbon reduction strategies to combat climate change. Mineral resources security has become a hot issue because of the frequent occurrence of geopolitical risk (GPR) events, which will further have an inevitable impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, there is little empirical evidence to support the issue. This paper explores the impact of GPR on CO2 emissions in OECD countries from the perspective of mineral resources extraction. The panel data from 25 OECD countries in the period of 1990–2019 is applied in the empirical study. Three primary conclusions are obtained using panel fixed-effects (FE) model and panel quantile model. First, GPR increases CO2 emissions in OECD countries. Second, the positive impact of GPR is heterogeneous. Third, the positive impact on CO2 emissions occurs mainly due to the exacerbated risks of mineral resources. Increased GPR inhibits the improvement of energy structure and promotes fuel imports, which further increase CO2 emissions. Finally, we provide some policy recommendations to allay these concerns. 

How does geopolitical risk affect carbon emissions?: An empirical study from the perspective of mineral resources extraction in OECD countries

This paper analyses the impact of geopolitical risk on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions inequality in the panel dataset of 38 developed and developing economies from 1990 to 2019. At this juncture, the empirical models control for the effects of globalisation, capital-labour ratio, and per capita income on CO2 emissions inequality. The panel cointegration tests show a significant long-run relationship among the related variables in the empirical models. The panel data regression estimations indicate that geopolitical risk, capital-labour ratio, and per capita income increase CO2 emissions inequality. However, globalisation negatively affects CO2 emissions inequality in the panel dataset of 38 developed and developing countries. The pairwise panel heterogeneous causality test results align with these benchmark results and indicate no reverse causality issue. Potential policy implications are also discussed. 

The impact of geopolitical risk on CO2 emissions inequality: Evidence from 38 developed and developing economies.

Using country-level data from 1990 to 2020, this study investigates the various convergence of renewable energy consumption (REC) and the effect of geopolitical risk (GPR) on the conditional spatial β convergence. We find that there is a γ-convergence, spatial σ convergence, absolute spatial β convergence and conditional spatial β convergence in terms of REC. GPR is negatively associated with the conditional spatial β convergence of REC. The fluctuation of oil price can be an underlying mechanism behind the correlation of GPR and the conditional spatial β convergence of REC. Our study supplements the prior relevant literature from a spatial convergence perspective to analyze the relationship between GPR and REC. The spatial convergence of REC is conductive to energy security by increasing innovation and efficiency, reducing productive costs and enhancing energy diversity. This sheds light on the growing attention to energy security on the pathways towards carbon neutrality. 

Geopolitical risk and renewable energy consumption: Evidence from a spatial convergence perspective

In a panel dataset of 38 developing and industrialized countries from 1970 to 2021, this study investigates how geopolitical risk and resource rents affect CO2 emissions. After implementing diagnostics, the paper observes significant relationships among CO2 emissions, geopolitical risk, natural resource rents, per capita income, and share of renewable energy in the long run. The panel data estimations show that geopolitical risk, natural resource rents, and per capita income increase CO2 emissions. However, the share of renewable energy is negatively associated with it. The mediation effect of geopolitical risk and natural resource rents on CO2 emissions is also positive. Potential policy repercussions are also discussed. 

How does geopolitical risk affect CO2 emissions? The role of natural resource rents

Dependence structures among geopolitical risks, energy prices, and carbon emissions prices

The study examine the correlation between employees job performance and corporate social responsibility, through the use of  qualitative and quantitative research design paradigm, to do that effective there research objectives and two hypotheses were design; (1)To identify the contribution of employees job performance  to corporate social responsibility (ii)To determine ways how corporate social responsibility can be improve in organization (iii)To analyzes the organizational  excellence and the corporate social responsibility under the period under  review. H1: there is a positive relationship between employee’s job performance and the corporation social responsibility H0: there is no positive relationship between employee’s job performance and the corporation social responsibility, in order to find the correlation between the two variables. To test the hypotheses, correlation was conducted between the independent and dependent variable which the degree of correlation to 0.625 showing high level of correlation hence the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. And the results from the content analysis of qualitative also accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null. Cronbach alpha statistic was also conducted for test of reliability which shown 0.951 which shows that the instrument used is highly reliable. Hence the study shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between the two important variable of the study employees job performance and corporate social responsibility.

/pdf/employees-job-performance-and-pursuit-of-corporate-social-beg4uv3pmq.pdf

Employees Job Performance and Pursuit of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Industry a Case Study of Zenith Bank Plc & First Bank Plc Jalingo

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Dependence structures among geopolitical risks, energy prices, and carbon emissions prices

Employees Job Performance and Pursuit of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Industry a Case Study of Zenith Bank Plc & First Bank Plc Jalingo