자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

https://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2012/cochranrvwrschbias.pdf

The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

This new edition of Ann Bowling's well-known and highly respected text has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect key methodological developments in health research. It is a comprehensive, easy to read, guide to the range of methods used to study and evaluate health and health services. It describes the concepts and methods used by the main disciplines involved in health research, including: demography, epidemiology, health economics, psychology and sociology.The research methods described cover the assessment of health needs, morbidity and mortality trends and rates, costing health services, sampling for survey research, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey design, experimental methods and techniques of group assignment, questionnaire design, interviewing techniques, coding and analysis of quantitative data, methods and analysis of qualitative observational studies, and types of unstructured interviewing. With new material on topics such as cluster randomization, utility analyses, patients' preferences, and perception of risk, the text is aimed at students and researchers of health and health services. It has also been designed for health professionals and policy makers who have responsibility for applying research findings in practice, and who need to know how to judge the value of that research.

Research Methods in Health. Investigating health and health services

Brian Thompson is a Senior Nutrition Officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is an intergovernmental organization, it has 191 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. As a knowledge organization, FAO creates and shares critical information about food, agriculture and natural resources in the form of global public goods. FAO plays a connector role, through identifying and working with different partners with established expertise, and facilitating a dialogue between those who have the knowledge and those who need it. By turning knowledge into action, FAO links the field to national, regional and global initiatives in a mutually reinforcing cycle. Its mandate is to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living. What is the size of the malnutrition problem and what regions are most affected? There are persistently high levels of undernutrition. Nearly 870 million people in the world go to bed hungry (1 in 8 people) according to the recently released report of The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012 (SOFI) and 2 billion have some form of micronutrient malnutrition – this constitutes a crime against humanity and is a responsibility for all of us. Prevalence of undernourishment in developing countries has declined over the past two decades, from 23 to 15 percent. In terms of total numbers in 1990– 92, around 980 million individuals were estimated to be undernourished. The number dropped to 901 million in 1999– 2001, to 885 million in 2006–06 and to 852 million in 2007–09. The financial crisis, economic downturn, persistent food price volatility, drought and other repercussions of climate change since 2006–08 may have prevented any further significant improvements in the number of people who are undernourished in developing countries since then. Africa has by far the highest prevalence, at around 23 percent in 2010–12 but though it is down from what it was in 1990–92 (27 percent) the numbers have risen from 175 million to 239 million with nearly 20 million added in the past four years. In subSaharan Africa, the modest progress achieved in recent years up to 2007 was reversed, with hunger rising 2 percent per year since then. In Asia, both prevalence and numbers dropped over the same period from 24 percent (739 million) to 14 percent (563 million). Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) boasts the lowest rate of undernourishment (8 percent) among developing country regions but the rate of progress has slowed recently. Countries considered as leastdeveloped countries and lowincome economies have the highest prevalence rates of all around 30 percent but down from the 40 percent levels of twenty years ago.

Interview ラン・ラン

Clinical reasoning in the health professions

The effectiveness of virtual simulation in improving student nurses' knowledge and performance during patient deterioration: A pre and post test design.

BackgroundPostoperative ileus is a common complication of abdominal surgery, leading to prolonged hospital stay and associated costs. Gum chewing may be a safe, cheap intervention to reduce postope...

The effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus in open colorectal surgery patients: A review:

The impact of rapid response systems on mortality and cardiac arrests – A literature review

BACKGROUND Many nursing students participate in study abroad opportunities; yet, few studies explore their experiences. Given the increasing emphasis on evaluating the quality of higher education internationalization, this study explored the motivations for, and outcomes of, Maltese nursing students' Erasmus+ exchanges against the program's intended outcomes. METHOD Sixty-five Erasmus+ mobility participants completed an online questionnaire (response rate = 44.8%), and 16 participated in a 2-hour focus group. RESULTS Participants overwhelmingly agreed that intended outcomes of the Erasmus+ program were achieved. Thematic analysis revealed five themes: Enhanced Employability as a Nurse; Exposure to Nursing Beyond the National Shores; Personal Growth; Context-Sensitivity of Nursing Care Delivery; Language and Citizenship. CONCLUSION These positive experiences confirm that nurse educators should continue encouraging and facilitating study abroad experiences, and that such opportunities should be offered to even more students. However, more research is required to explore any negative outcomes of student mobility and whether the participants' perceptions change over time. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(9):501-505.].

Intended and Actual Outcomes of Study Abroad Programs: Nursing Students' Experiences.

Previous research has suggested that critical care nurses’ close and prolonged contact with
patients places them in a unique position of improving patient outcomes and reducing the demand on critical care beds by detecting subtle signs of deterioration in a timely manner and 
identifying patient progression and readiness for less intensive care. Nonetheless, nurses rarely
take decisions about patients’ treatment modalities on their own, and constantly need to seek advice or authorisation. Indeed, several studies suggested that one of the most frequent
decisions taken by nurses during clinical practice is that of referring to medical, nursing or other health care practitioners. However, there is very limited research around the factors
related to, and the actual process of, such referring. In view of this gap in the literature, the purpose of this study was to explore and explain the process of referring in the context of an intensive care unit by means of a substantive theory derived from the data. The principal research question was: What are the factors associated with critical care nurses’ decisions to seek help from medical practitioners?

Referring in critical care: nurses as dual agents

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