There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

/pdf/convex-analysisnoer-san-nojin-zhan-nituite-5dl2rbmoyr.pdf

Convex Analysisの二,三の進展について

Introduction to linear and nonlinear programming

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

In this paper, a novel data-driven robust approximate optimal tracking control scheme is proposed for unknown general nonlinear systems by using the adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method. In the design of the controller, only available input-output data is required instead of known system dynamics. A data-driven model is established by a recurrent neural network (NN) to reconstruct the unknown system dynamics using available input-output data. By adding a novel adjustable term related to the modeling error, the resultant modeling error is first guaranteed to converge to zero. Then, based on the obtained data-driven model, the ADP method is utilized to design the approximate optimal tracking controller, which consists of the steady-state controller and the optimal feedback controller. Further, a robustifying term is developed to compensate for the NN approximation errors introduced by implementing the ADP method. Based on Lyapunov approach, stability analysis of the closed-loop system is performed to show that the proposed controller guarantees the system state asymptotically tracking the desired trajectory. Additionally, the obtained control input is proven to be close to the optimal control input within a small bound. Finally, two numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Data-Driven Robust Approximate Optimal Tracking Control for Unknown General Nonlinear Systems Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming Method

The Levenberg–Marquardt and Newton are two algorithms that use the Hessian for the artificial neural network learning. In this article, we propose a modified Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for the artificial neural network learning containing the training and testing stages. The modified Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is based on the Levenberg–Marquardt and Newton algorithms but with the following two differences to assure the error stability and weights boundedness: 1) there is a singularity point in the learning rates of the Levenberg–Marquardt and Newton algorithms, while there is not a singularity point in the learning rate of the modified Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and 2) the Levenberg–Marquardt and Newton algorithms have three different learning rates, while the modified Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm only has one learning rate. The error stability and weights boundedness of the modified Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm are assured based on the Lyapunov technique. We compare the artificial neural network learning with the modified Levenberg–Marquardt, Levenberg–Marquardt, Newton, and stable gradient algorithms for the learning of the electric and brain signals data set.

Stability Analysis of the Modified Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm for the Artificial Neural Network Training

In this research, a robust feedback linearization technique is studied for nonlinear processes control. The main contributions are described as follows: 1) Theory says that if a linearized controlled process is stable, then nonlinear process states are asymptotically stable, it is not satisfied in applications because some states converge to small values; therefore, a theorem based on Lyapunov theory is proposed to prove that if a linearized controlled process is stable, then nonlinear process states are uniformly stable. 2) Theory says that all the main and crossed states feedbacks should be considered for the nonlinear processes regulation, it makes more difficult to find the controller gains; consequently, only the main states feedbacks are utilized to obtain a satisfactory result in applications. This introduced strategy is applied in a fuel cell and a manipulator.

Robust feedback linearization for nonlinear processes control

Nonlinear system identification with recurrent neural networks and dead-zone Kalman filter algorithm

In this brief, the identification problem for time-delay nonlinear system is discussed. We use a delayed dynamic neural network to do on-line identification. This neural network has dynamic series-parallel structure. The stability conditions of on-line identification are derived by Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach, which are described by linear matrix inequality. The conditions for passivity, asymptotic stability and uniform stability are established in some senses. We conclude that the gradient algorithm for updating the weights of the delayed neural networks is stable to any bounded uncertainties

Stability Analysis of Nonlinear System Identification via Delayed Neural Networks

In recent years, the energy production by wind turbines has been increasing, because its production is environmentally friendly; therefore, the technology developed for the production of energy through wind turbines brings great challenges in the investigation. This paper
studies the characteristics of the wind turbine in the market and lab; it
is focused on the recent advances of the wind turbine modeling with the
aerodynamic power and the wind turbine control with the nonlinear, fuzzy,
and predictive techniques.

/pdf/modeling-and-control-of-wind-turbine-4mmul8djae.pdf

Modeling and Control of Wind Turbine

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