Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, and Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Institute of Optoelectronic and Functional Composite Materials, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics Science & Engineering, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China

Surface energy of nanostructural materials with negative curvature and related size effects.

Size effects on Debye temperature, Einstein temperature, and volume thermal expansion coefficient of nanocrystals

An extension of the classic thermodynamics theory to nanometer scale has generated a new interdisciplinary theory – nanothermodynamics. It serves as a bridge between macroscopic and nanoscopic systems. Over the past decade, nanothermodynamics theories have developed rapidly owing to their critical role in investigating the size-dependent physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. This review examines up-to-date research results on this cutting-edge topic. The focus and emphasis are on the utilization of nanothermodynamics models to investigate the size-dependent thermal stability, magnetic properties, photoelectric behaviors, thermoelectric phenomena, mechanical properties, electrical properties, etc. of nanomaterials. A range of properties have been studied with respect to the effects of size, dimensionality and composition through a quantitative nanothermodynamics model. It is found that (a) the size dependence of these properties can be universally reconciled to the effect of severe bond dangling; (b) for the same material size, the sequence of size effects on the properties, from strong to weak, is nanoparticles, nanowires and thin films; and (c) the composition effects on the properties of nanoalloys are substantial, having a nonlinear relationship. It also reveals that vacancy formation determined by the cohesive energy variation is one of the intrinsic factors which dominate the size-dependent physicochemical properties of nanomaterials.

Thermodynamics at the nanoscale: A new approach to the investigation of unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials

We present the full thermoelectric characterization of nanostructured bulk PbTe and PbTe–PbSe samples fabricated from colloidal core–shell nanoparticles followed by spark plasma sintering. An unusually large thermopower is found in both materials, and the possibility of energy filtering as opposed to grain boundary scattering as an explanation is discussed. A decreased Debye temperature and an increased molar specific heat are in accordance with recent predictions for nanostructured materials. On the basis of these results we propose suitable core–shell material combinations for future thermoelectric materials of large electric conductivities in combination with an increased thermopower by energy filtering.

Thermoelectric Properties of Lead Chalcogenide Core–Shell Nanostructures

We use Mossbauer spectroscopy in combination with atomic scale modeling in order to gather a comprehensive understanding of the growth and the dynamics of cobalt nanoprecipitates in silver. The modeling makes use of classical molecular dynamics in the canonical ensemble by means of the Rahman-Parinello technique. Atomic interactions are governed by an embedded atom model, which is validated for the static Co-Ag interaction by means of a comparison with extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements and for the dynamical interaction with Mossbauer spectroscopy data. This allows us to identify the cluster size dependent atomic arrangements at the cluster-matrix interface, where strong relaxation takes place. A detailed analysis of the Mossbauer spectra taken at two temperatures after annealing at different temperatures allows us not only to characterize the cluster size dependence of magnetic properties, but also to evidence a possible Ostwald ripening growth mechanism. The mean and interface Debye temperatures are deduced from the Mossbauer spectra and found quite consistent with the model predictions. On this basis, the atomic scale modeling allows us to identify detail of atomic vibrational properties as a function of distance from the cluster center and a discontinuity of the vibration amplitudes at the precipitate-matrix interface is evidenced.

Growth and lattice dynamics of Co nanoparticles embedded in Ag: A combined molecular-dynamics simulation and Mossbauer study

59Co nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the formation of Co nanoclusters in several series of thin-film Ag1−xCox alloys (0.08⩽x⩽0.4) prepared by coevaporation and subjected to different heat treatments. Co particles originally formed during the deposition process were found to be single-domain fcc Co clusters, having the shape of truncated octahedra of about 4.5 nm in diameter. Annealing at 200 °C resulted in a size increase to about 7 nm, but after annealing at 350 °C, the particles grew to about 26 nm while remaining single magnetic domain. Upon further annealing, the onset of large, multidomain Co clusters is evidenced. The Co concentration in the original alloy influenced the density of Co particles, but not their size, which was essentially determined by the annealing conditions.

Heat-induced nanocluster formation in codeposited Ag1−xCox thin films: Nuclear magnetic resonance study

The size distribution of Pb inclusions formed by high-dose ion implantation in crystalline Si has been studied with a variety of experimental techniques. Results obtained from small angle x-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and low-temperature magnetic moment measurements are compared. For samples implanted at room temperature, the results depend on which technique has been used, due to the amorphization of the silicon. The experiments on the samples implanted at an elevated temperature yield compatible results.

Size distribution and magnetic behavior of lead inclusions in silicon single crystals

Mössbauer study of the proximity gettering of cobalt atoms to He-induced nanosized voids in c-Si.

The structural properties of multilayers consisting of Fe layers separated by Si or FeSi layers grown with molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) and Si(111) are reported. Rutherford backscattering and ion channeling are used to determine the crystallinity of the layers. We find evidence for epitaxy, alloying effects, and structural coherence. Conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy is utilized to investigate the silicide formation in the spacer layer of Fe/FeSi multilayers and at the interface of Fe/Si layers. The silicide formed in Fe/FeSi multilayers is characterized by a broad single line Mossbauer resonance which is characteristic for the metastable CsCl–FeSi phase. For Fe/Si multilayers the Mossbauer results indicate that FeSi compounds with clearly other hyperfine parameters than the CsCl phase are formed in the spacer.

Epitaxial growth of and silicide formation in Fe/FeSi multilayers

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