Influence of soil properties and feedstocks on biochar potential for carbon mineralization and improvement of infertile soils

. Soil carbon sequestration is a complex process influenced by agricultural practices, climate and soil conditions. This paper reports a study of long-term fertilization impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamic from six long-term experiments. The experiment sites are located from warm-temperate zone with a double-cropping system of corn (Zea mays L.) – wheat (Triticum Aestivium L.) rotation, to mild-temperate zones with mono-cropping systems of continuous corn, or a three-year rotation of corn-wheat-wheat. Mineral fertilizer applications result in an increasing trend in SOC except in the arid and semi-arid areas with the mono-cropping systems. Additional manure application is important to maintain SOC level in the arid and semi-arid areas. Carbon conversion rate is significant lower in the warm-temperate zone with double cropping system (6.8%–7.7%) than that in the mild-temperate areas with mono-cropping systems (15.8%–31.0%). The conversion rate is significantly correlated with annual precipitation and active accumulative temperature, i.e., higher conversion rate under lower precipitation and/or temperature conditions. Moreover, soil high in clay content has higher conversion rate than soils low in clay content. Soil carbon sequestration rate ranges from 0.07 to 1.461 t ha−1 year−1 in the upland of northern China. There is significantly linear correlation between soil carbon sequestration and carbon input at most sites, indicating that these soils are not carbon-saturated thus have potential to migrate more CO2 from atmosphere.

/pdf/soil-organic-carbon-dynamics-under-long-term-fertilizations-1u87c8kj1p.pdf

Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term fertilizations in arable land of northern China

Organic inputs have a positive effect on the soil organic matter balance. They are therefore an important asset for soil fertility and crop growth. This study quantifies the additional yield effect due to organic inputs for arable crops in Europe when macro-nutrients are not a limiting factor. A meta-analysis was performed using data from 20 long-term experiments in Europe. Maxima of yield response curves to nitrogen were compared, with and without organic inputs, under abundant P and K supply. We were surprised to find that, across all experiments, the mean additional yield effect of organic inputs was not significant (+ 1.4 % ± 1.6 (95 % confidence interval)). In specific cases however, especially for root and tuber crops, spring sown cereals, or for very sandy soils or wet climates, organic inputs did increase attainable yields. A significant correlation was found between increase in attainable yields and increase in soil organic matter content. Aggregating data from 20 long-term experiments in Europe, this study shows that organic inputs and/or soil organic matter do not necessarily increase yields, given sufficient nutrients are supplied by mineral fertilisers. Results show the relevance of some environmental factors for additional yield effect of organic inputs, but no simple relation between organic inputs and crop growth.

/pdf/do-organic-inputs-matter-a-meta-analysis-of-additional-yield-1mkk1eku11.pdf

Do organic inputs matter – a meta-analysis of additional yield effects for arable crops in Europe

The aim of the paper is to give an overview on the chemistry of soil organic carbon (SOC) affecting nutrient availability, the emission of greenhouse gases and detoxifying harmful substances in soil. Humic substances represent the stable part of SOC, accounting for between 50 and more than 80% of organically bound carbon in soil. Humic substances strongly affect the soil solution concentration of several plant nutrients and may increase P-, Fe-, and Cu- solubility, thereby increasing their plant availability. Soil organic carbon, mainly humic substances, can detoxify monomeric Al in acid soils, can strongly bind toxic heavy metals, making them unavailable to the plant roots, and may strongly bind a vast variety of harmful organic pollutants. Increasing SOC is an important goal in agriculture. The inclusion of mixtures of semi-perennial plant species and cultivars may strongly increase SOC and humic substance content in soils. To increase SOC, farmyard manure and its rotted or composted forms are superior compared to the separate application of straw and slurry to soil. The storage of carbon, mainly in organic form, in soils is very important in the context of the emission of greenhouse gases. Worldwide, soils release about 10 times more greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion. Small increments in SOC worldwide will strongly affect the concentration of atmospheric CO2. The public discussion on soil fertility and greenhouse gas emissionshas been politically controlled in a way that leaves the important and positive contribution of soil organic carbon and mainly humic substances partly misinterpreted and partly underestimated.

/pdf/the-central-role-of-soil-organic-matter-in-soil-fertility-1lz7dp47.pdf

The Central Role of Soil Organic Matter in Soil Fertility and Carbon Storage

Mineral NPK and manure fertilisation affecting the yield stability of winter wheat: Results from a long-term field experiment

Die Quantifizierung des Einflusses von Klimaanderungen auf den Humusgehalt des Bodens ist von groser wirtschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung. Eine Moglichkeit dieser Quantifizierung besteht in der Auswertung von Dauerfeldversuchen mit der kontinuierlichen Bestimmung des Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehaltes von Boden uber einen Zeitraum von mehreren Jahrzehnten unter Wahrung des Ceteris-Paribus-Prinzips. Fur die vorliegende Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse von insgesamt 15 Dauerfeldversuchen an zehn verschiedenen Standorten mit rund 150 unterschiedlichen Dungungsvarianten ausgewertet. Die Versuchsdauer lag mit einer Ausnahme zwischen 40 und 110 Jahren. Die Corg-Daten konnten nahezu luckenlos uber einen Zeitraum von jeweils 20 Jahren einbezogen werden. Die Nt-Gehalte wurden in sechs Versuchen berucksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei allen Prufgliedern mit kombinierter organisch-mineralischer Dungung in der Grosenordnung, wie sie der “guten fachlichen Praxis“ oder auch der Humusbilanzmethode entspricht, keine Verringerung der Corg-Gehalte eingetreten ist. In einigen Fallen waren signifikante Erhohungen zu verzeichnen. In 11 von 15 Versuchen war auch ohne Dungung oder mit ausschlieslicher Mineraldungung keine Reduzierung und somit keine klimabedingte Verringerung der Humusgehalte im Untersuchungszeitraum nachweisbar. Stattdessen wurde in einigen Fallen eine signifikante Erhohung gefunden. Auch bei den Nt-Gehalten war in keinem Fall eine signifikante Verringerung festzustellen. Umfangreiche Groszahlanalysen und Dauerfeldversuchsauswertungen anderer Autoren bestatigen uneingeschrankt die Ergebnisse.

Humus und Klimaänderung - Ergebnisse aus 15 langjährigen Dauerfeldversuchen

Soil organic carbon sequestration in agricultural long-term field experiments as derived from particulate and mineral-associated organic matter

The P60 Gros Kreutz is a long-term field experiment, established by Specht in 1958 with an root crop-cereal-cereal-rotation on a diluvial sandy soil, to investigate the effects of different treatments and intensities of organic and mineral fertilization on yield, soil organic matter and natural soil properties. This publication presents the first results of current evaluation after 45 years of different fertilization (without fertilization, mineral-N, increased mineral-N, farmyard manure, mineral-N + farmyard manure, mineral-N + straw with or without additional mineral-N, mineral-N + green manuring with or without straw, mineral-N + slurry with straw, mineral-N + increased slurry with straw). Similar total-N-fertilization (81 – 95 kg N ha−1a−1) led only by combination of mineral-N + straw with additional mineral-N and mineral-N + green manuring with straw to optimal yields, reproduced organic C- and N-supply in the topsoil and minimized N-losses. In contrast mineral-N-fertilization decreased the soil orga...

Influence of different treatments of organic and mineral fertilization on yield, soil organic matter and N-balance of a diluvial sandy soil – results after 45 years long-term field experiment P60 (Groß Kreutz, 1959 – 2003)

Humus and climate change - results of 15 long-term experiments

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Humus und Klimaänderung - Ergebnisse aus 15 langjährigen Dauerfeldversuchen

Soil organic carbon sequestration in agricultural long-term field experiments as derived from particulate and mineral-associated organic matter

Influence of different treatments of organic and mineral fertilization on yield, soil organic matter and N-balance of a diluvial sandy soil – results after 45 years long-term field experiment P60 (Groß Kreutz, 1959 – 2003)

Humus and climate change - results of 15 long-term experiments