Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a novel oxidation method for water and wastewater treatment, which involves the interaction among free oxidative species, ultraviolet light, and synthetic organic pollutants (SOPs). So far, former review studies including the use of NTP technology for SOPs removal have only addressed the chemical interaction, performance efficiency, and environmental applications of the NTP process. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, one of the most crucial determinants of NTP, the energy yield, has not been systematically assessed. Herein, a comprehensive review of recent research findings provided and the systems reported in the literature have been reviewed and compared. In addition, the factors influencing the NTP oxidation systems, such as the effect of the applied voltage and frequency, pollutants' initial concentration, output power, pH and conductivity of the solution, time of discharge, and removal efficiency, were also reviewed, and presented in this work. We confirmed that even though NTP degradation of SOPs can be very effective, to improve the performance and energy yield of NTP, its coupling with other catalytic processes should be attempted. Furthermore, it was evidenced that the energy yield was considerably greater for the catalytic NTP technique than for the single NTP, up to x600 times more synergistic, hence future works should aim toward this direction and overcome the catalyst-related challenges. 

A systematic review of non-thermal plasma (NTP) technologies for synthetic organic pollutants (SOPs) removal from water: Recent advances in energy yield aspects as their key limiting factor

Direct air capture (DAC) is set to play a crucial role in meeting climate change targets as most recent climate scenarios rely on its large-scale implementation. Nevertheless, despite this widespread consensus, DAC performance and impact have not been sufficiently investigated, which has resulted in hindering its wide-scale deployment for climate change mitigation initiatives. Here, we present a comparative review of different DAC technologies and examine their performance from a holistic perspective by considering different aspects, from technical, commercial, and economic to environmental. We classify DAC technologies into five main categories, namely (i) liquid scrubbing, (ii) solid sorbent, (iii) electrochemical, (iv) cryogenic, and (v) membrane, and within each category, various approaches can be employed. We explore key challenges involved in developing each DAC technology and compare their performance using up-to-date data. We then critically analyze the primary factors contributing to the inconsistencies arising from the economic assessment results and provide valuable guidelines for future studies. Overall, the present review can benefit researchers, engineers, and policymakers in obtaining a holistic understanding of these state-of-the-art technologies in addition to filling key gaps in the DAC field. 

Comparative review of Direct air capture technologies: From technical, commercial, economic, and environmental aspects

New liquid-liquid extraction column with random packed agitation structure for heavy metal removal and hydrodynamic evaluation

Liquid-liquid mass transfer in microfluidic reactors: Assumptions and realities of non-ideal systems

Intensified Nd extraction in small channels for NdFeB magnet recycling

Non-equilibrium solvent extraction in milliflow reactors: Precious and base metal separations with undiluted ionic liquids

Present parametric study shows that the flowrate, number of channels, hydrodynamic resistances and phase ratio significantly affect the maldistribution in parallel microfluidic reactors ( i.e. , numbering-up). Especially the effect of flow rate and phase ratio has not been reported before. However, these findings are of a qualitative nature due to a high degree of variability between experiments. Additional experiments show that the stable point of operation easily shifts in the considered set-ups, explaining this variability. Therefore, a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) in SPSS is introduced to partially compensate for this variance and, also, manage the large data set that results from a parametric study. It is shown that introducing advanced statistical methods can provide additional insights and can further push the field of numbering-up. • Geometry, flowrate and phase ratio were varied in manifolds and bifurcations. • The effect on the maldistribution of two-phase flow was investigated. • MANOVA was performed with SPSS to analyze the large data set. • Most novel is the effect of flowrate and phase ratio, as well as the use of MANOVA. • The stable point of operation randomly shifts with time. 

/pdf/numbering-up-liquid-liquid-systems-in-microfluidic-reactors-1axqrf6h.pdf

Numbering-up liquid-liquid systems in microfluidic reactors: a parametric study

Successful studies concerning numbering-up two-phase flow in microreactors remain scarcely published and involve highly specialized experimental configurations. In present study we bring forward a reproducible production method for manifolds, constructed only from commercially available and 3D printed parts, with the aim of seeding future studies in this field of research. Manifolds of five parallel channels were produced from commercial tubes and fittings and 3D printed parts. The maldistribution was assessed using water (Re = 10.58− 84.63 and Ca = 2E-5− 0.006) and n-dodecane (Re = 5.93− 47.48 and Ca = 2.69E-5− 0.008) for a constant flowrate of 5 mL min−1 phase−1. Firstly, it was found that tubes and fittings alone cannot produce reliable and reproducible manifolds. Secondly, a hybrid manifold, consisting of a SLA printed distributor and commercial tubes and fittings, was investigated. The latter reduced the maldistribution by at least a factor of 2, for both single- and two-phase flow, and consists only of commercially available or "out-of-the-box" printable parts. Finally, it is also shown that the surface tension of applied liquid affects the maldistribution significantly, presumably due to the presence of air bubbles. 

Can 3D printing solve the numbering-up challenge of microfluidic reactors?

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Papers

Non-equilibrium solvent extraction in milliflow reactors: Precious and base metal separations with undiluted ionic liquids

Liquid-liquid mass transfer in microfluidic reactors: Assumptions and realities of non-ideal systems

Numbering-up liquid-liquid systems in microfluidic reactors: a parametric study

Can 3D printing solve the numbering-up challenge of microfluidic reactors?