Transparent electrodes attract intense attention in many technological fields, including optoelectronic devices, transparent film heaters and electromagnetic applications. New generation transparent electrodes are expected to have three main physical properties: high electrical conductivity, high transparency and mechanical flexibility. The most efficient and widely used transparent conducting material is currently indium tin oxide (ITO). However the scarcity of indium associated with ITO's lack of flexibility and the relatively high manufacturing costs have a prompted search into alternative materials. With their outstanding physical properties, metallic nanowire (MNW)-based percolating networks appear to be one of the most promising alternatives to ITO. They also have several other advantages, such as solution-based processing, and are compatible with large area deposition techniques. Estimations of cost of the technology are lower, in particular thanks to the small quantities of nanomaterials needed to reach industrial performance criteria. The present review investigates recent progress on the main applications reported for MNW networks of any sort (silver, copper, gold, core-shell nanowires) and points out some of the most impressive outcomes. Insights into processing MNW into high-performance transparent conducting thin films are also discussed according to each specific application. Finally, strategies for improving both their stability and integration into real devices are presented.

Metallic Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes for Next Generation Flexible Devices: a Review

This review reports on recent advances in state-of-the-art detection methods for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). The review commences by describing the materials, fabrication methods and driving mechanisms employed in μPADs. The review then explores the main detection methods and applications of μPADs proposed over the past five years. The discussions focus on seven detection technologies, namely (1) colorimetric detection, (2) fluorescent detection, (3) electrochemical detection and photoelectrochemical detection, (4) chemiluminescent detection, (5) electrochemiluminescent detection, (6) nanoparticle-based detection, and (7) spectrometry detection. Overall, the review provides a useful insight into recent advances in the μPAD detection field and serves as a useful source of reference for further research and innovation in the field.

Detection methods and applications of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices

This review focuses on the recent advances in indium tin oxide (ITO) based biosensors and sensors, which are utilized in different areas such as clinical diagnosis, food analysis and environmental monitoring. The purpose of the review is to provide useful insights in ITO thin film properties, modification methods of ITO thin film coated electrodes, biorecognition elements and immobilization procedures for fabrication of ITO based biosensors and other practical aspects. Following a brief introduction of ITO thin film production, utilization of thin films in biosensor technology and nanomaterial based ITO biosensors are described. Furthermore, the effect of different nanomaterials on the biosensing performance, and applications based on ITO electrodes are summarized by using tables and performance criteria such as detection limits-working ranges are compared.

Indium tin oxide (ITO): A promising material in biosensing technology

Emerging applications of paper-based analytical devices for drug analysis: A review.

Recently, there have been enormous efforts to tailor the properties of graphene. These improved properties extend the prospect of graphene for a broad range of applications. Plasmas find applications in various fields including materials science and have been emerging in the field of nanotechnology. This review focuses on different plasma functionalization processes of graphene and its oxide counterpart. The review aims at the advantages of plasma functionalization over the conventional doping techniques. Selectivity and controllability of the plasma techniques opens up future pathways for large scale, rapid functionalization of graphene for advanced applications. We also emphasize on atmospheric pressure plasma jet as the future prospect of plasma based functionalization processes.

/pdf/plasma-engineering-of-graphene-1squxyjlqu.pdf

Plasma engineering of graphene

In the present study, we constructed a functional paper fluidic device and evaluated its electrochemical performance by analyzing acetaminophen in the presence of ascorbic acid. The device was composed of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrode and nafion-modified nitrocellulose membrane. Negatively-charged nafion was employed to build up a more negative charge on the nitrocellulose membrane, and gold nanoparticles and polyglutamic acid (AuNP-PGA) were deposited on the SWCNT electrode to enhance the electrochemical performance of the device. The device had a vertical flow format in which the sample solution flowed vertically through the paper. Using the nafion-modified nitrocellulose membrane and AuNP-PGA/SWCNT film electrode as a component of the paper fluidic device, we obtained a distinguishable acetaminophen oxidation peak which was distinct from the ascorbic acid oxidation peak. The acetaminophen oxidation peak had a linear response with acetaminophen concentration, varying from 50 μM to 300 μM (r 2  = 0.992), which was broader than the standard drug dose range. The device exhibited a sensitivity of 13.3 mA/M and a detection limit of 15.0 μM. The device was stable with a relative standard deviation of 3.3% (up to 2 weeks), and the reproducibility was 1.2–5.2%. Furthermore, the fabricated device accurately measured the amount of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical samples.

Determination of acetaminophen using functional paper-based electrochemical devices

We present a simple method to fabricate flexible, transparent silver nanowire (AgNW) films. Homogenous AgNW networks were formed on a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane by vacuum filtration and were easily transferable to self-adhesive poly(ethylene terephthalate). The opaque, white MCE membrane became transparent after being subjected to hot acetone vapor. The fabricated AgNW films had an average resistivity of 13 Ω/sq and a transmittance of approximately 67%. Moreover, the AgNW films showed excellent mechanical properties in repeated adhesion tests and bending tests. The AgNW films also showed good resistance against heat and NaCl solutions. AgNW films were patterned by a combination of soft lithography and a solution-based chemical etching technique. The area under the photoresist polymer maintained its conductivity and transmittance after etching, whereas increased resistance and transparency were observed in the etched area. The suitability of the patterned AgNW electrodes for electronic devices was demonstrated via a simple LED chip array. After using standard photolithography to define the working area, AgNW films were used as sensor electrodes for the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The AgNW sensors displayed a reasonable detection limit of 46 μM (S/N = 3), a rapid response time (within 2 s), and high sensitivity (749 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 1640 μA mM−1 cm−2). Furthermore, the AgNW sensor was resistant to other potential interfering electroactive species commonly present in physiological samples such as l -ascorbic acid, glucose, and sodium oxalate. These results indicate that the AgNW sensor is selective for electroreduction of H2O2. Additionally, the developed sensor exhibited a stable amperometric response to the reduction of H2O2 even after extended storage.

Fabrication of flexible, transparent silver nanowire electrodes for amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide

Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material, has attracted significant interest for applications in flexible electronics as an alternative transparent electrode to indium tin oxide. However, it still remains a challenge to develop a simple, reproducible, and controllable fabrication technique for producing homogeneous large-scale graphene films and creating uniform patterns with desired shapes at defined positions. Here, we present a simple route to scalable fabrication of flexible transparent graphene electrodes using an oxygen plasma etching technique in a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) system. Ascorbic acid-assisted chemical reduction enables the large-scale production of graphene with solution-based processability. Oxygen plasma in the CCP system facilitates the reproducible patterning of graphene electrodes, which allows controllable feature sizes and shapes on flexible plastic substrates. The resulting graphene electrode exhibits a high conductivity of 80 S cm–1 and a transparency of 76% and reta...

Large-Scale Plasma Patterning of Transparent Graphene Electrode on Flexible Substrates

We present a method for the electrochemical patterning of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on porous silicon, and explore their applications in: (1) the quantitative analysis of hydroxylamine as a chemical sensing electrode and (2) as a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate for Rhodamine 6G. For hydroxylamine detection, AuNPs-porous silicon can enhance the electrochemical oxidation of hydroxylamine. The current changed linearly for concentrations ranging from 100 μM to 1.32 mM (R(2) = 0.995), and the detection limit was determined to be as low as 55 μM. When used as SERS substrates, these materials also showed that nanoparticles decorated on porous silicon substrates have more SERS hot spots than those decorated on crystalline silicon substrates, resulting in a larger SERS signal. Moreover, AgNPs-porous silicon provided five-times higher signal compared to AuNPs-porous silicon. From these results, we expect that nanoparticles decorated on porous silicon substrates can be used in various types of biochemical sensing platforms.

Electrochemical Fabrication of Nanostructures on Porous Silicon for Biochemical Sensing Platforms.

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Papers

Determination of acetaminophen using functional paper-based electrochemical devices

Fabrication of flexible, transparent silver nanowire electrodes for amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide

Large-Scale Plasma Patterning of Transparent Graphene Electrode on Flexible Substrates

Electrochemical Fabrication of Nanostructures on Porous Silicon for Biochemical Sensing Platforms.