The explosive development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly enlarged both the energy demands and the CO 2 emissions, and consequently contributes to make the energy crisis and global warming problems worse. However, as the main force of the ICT field, the mobile networks, are currently focusing on the capacity, variety and stability of the communication services, without paying too much severe concerns on the energy efficiency. The escalating energy costs and environmental concerns have already created an urgent need for more energy-efficient "green" wireless communications. In this paper, we survey and discuss various remarkable techniques toward green mobile networks to date, mainly targeting mobile cellular networks. We also summarize the current research projects related to green mobile networks, along with the taxonomy of energy-efficiency metrics. We finally discuss and elaborate future research opportunities and design challenges for green mobile networks.

A Survey of Green Mobile Networks: Opportunities and Challenges

Due to the rapid development of the fifth-generation (5G) applications, and increased demand for even faster communication networks, we expected to witness the birth of a new 6G technology within the next ten years. Many references suggested that the 6G wireless network standard may arrive around 2030. Therefore, this paper presents a critical analysis of 5G wireless networks’, significant technological limitations and reviews the anticipated challenges of the 6G communication networks. In this work, we have considered the applications of three of the highly demanding domains, namely: energy, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and machine learning. To this end, we present our vision on how the 6G communication networks should look like to support the applications of these domains. This work presents a thorough review of 370 papers on the application of energy, IoT and machine learning in 5G and 6G from three major libraries: Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Explore. The main contribution of this work is to provide a more comprehensive perspective, challenges, requirements, and context for potential work in the 6G communication standard.

From 5G to 6G Technology: Meets Energy, Internet-of-Things and Machine Learning: A Survey

An apparatus and method for interference cancellation and synchronization maintenance over interference channel estimation in a communication system are provided. An interference channel estimator fixes synchronization and estimates an interference signal. An interference signal controller eliminates the estimated interference signal from a received RF signal. A synchronization unit unfixes fixed synchronization and tracks synchronization when the interference signal cancellation is stable. A data buffer stores data from which the interference signal is canceled.

Apparatus and method for interference cancellation and synchronization maintenance over interference channel estimation in communication system based on full-duplex relay

A dynamic system level simulator for LTE networks was developed for investigating the interference behaviour of femtocells placed within macrocells. We simulate a multi-cell, multi-user and multi-carrier system in the downlink for Single-Input, Single-Output (SISO) and Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna configurations.

An LTE-femtocell dynamic system level simulator

Femtocell is a small base station with low power which can be installed by users to get better data rate in the indoor environment. The power control scheme of the femtocell BS is the most important issue in the femtocell implementation but there still exist deadzones if macrocell users are located very close to the femtocell. In this paper, we have proposed a new frame structure for the IEEE 802.16e based femtocell. Self-initialized segements selection and preamble allocation scheme are also proposed. Using the proposed preamble structure and self-initialization scheme, macrocell users can detect a macrocell BS even though they are located very close to the femtocell. The simulation results show that macrocell users can survive and communicate with the macrocell BS even though they are in the femtocell coverage. Additionally, it is shown that the proposed system provides the highest throughput of the macrocell and the femtocell inside the femtocell coverage.

A Self-Organized Femtocell for IEEE 802.16e System

An adaptive feedback estimation and cancellation (AFEC) apparatus includes: a controller for generating and outputting control information by using a synchronization signal from an external synchronization acquisition unit and base station information, in order to remove a feedback signal that exists in a forward/reverse repeater signal to be repeated and then send the forward/reverse repeater signal; a first feedback prediction canceller for adaptively removing a feedback signal that exists in the forward repeater signal based on the control information from the controller and automatically adjusting the gain of the forward repeater signal; and a second feedback prediction canceller for adaptively removing a feedback signal that exists in the reverse repeater signal based on the control information from the controller and automatically controlling the gain of the reverse repeater signal.

Adaptive forward error corrector and method thereof, and tdd radio repeating apparatus using the same

A smart metering system using a white space band includes a band search sensor installed in a predefined area which scans a digital public broadcast channel band; a band management server which manages area specific broadcast channel status information based on a scanning result obtained by the band search sensor and which searches a white space band that is an idle channel band of a corresponding area based on the broadcast channel status information to allocate the white space band as a smart metering data transmission channel; and a base station which allocates the smart metering data transmission channel from the band management server and which forms a wireless communication channel between a smart meter and a grid central server via the allocated smart metering data transmission channel.

Smart metering system using white space band and smart metering method using the same

This work was partly supported by the Brain Korea 21 project and the IT
R&D program of MKE/IITA. [2007-S-029-02, Development of Indoor WiBro
System for Home and Enterprise]

Femtocell/Macrocell Interference Analysis for Mobile WiMAX System

WiBro (Mobile WiMAX) is a broadband wireless internet service supporting for fixed, portable and mobile users, but enhancement of service quality in indoor environment is still necessary. WiBro femtocell is developed to expand cell coverage, increase system capacity and offer various multimedia service with high throughput in indoor environment. Three types of femtocell are designed according to the class of application environments, such as home, SOHO and enterprise. The functionalities of radio access station and access control router are integrated in Home and SOHO femtocell. Inter-operational test with mobile terminal and performance evaluation are carried out and research results on related technical issues such as synchronization and auto-configuration are also described.

Development of WiBro (Mobile WiMAX) Femtocell and Related Technical Issues

A hub apparatus may be provided for distributing a load of a small cell digital unit to a macro cell digital unit in a heterogeneous network. The hub apparatus includes an offloading controller configured to determine a first small cell, as an offloading target among a plurality of small cells based on a load of the macro cell digital unit and the small cell digital unit, to determine a first digital unit processing a load of the first small cell among at least one macro cell digital unit, to that generate a first control signal that requests connection to the first digital unit and a low-power radio unit of the first small cell, a path change unit connected to each of an antenna, having one side installed in the macro cell and a low-power radio unit installed in each small cell, having the other side connected to each of the macro cell digital unit and the small cell digital unit, configured to form a path connecting the one side and the other side, and configured to change a digital unit connected to a corresponding low-power radio unit based on the first control signal.

Hub apparatus of heterogeneous network and method of offloading the same

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