The genus Polygonatum: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides play anti-cancer effect through TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways

Purification, structural characterization and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum.

The ability of a virus to spread between individuals, its replication capacity and the clinical course of the infection are macroscopic consequences of a multifaceted molecular interaction of viral components with the host cell. The heavy impact of COVID-19 on the world population, economics and sanitary systems calls for therapeutic and prophylactic solutions that require a deep characterization of the interactions occurring between virus and host cells. Unveiling how SARS-CoV-2 engages with host factors throughout its life cycle is therefore fundamental to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the viral infection and to design antiviral therapies and prophylactic strategies. Two years into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this review provides an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, with focus on the machinery and compartments pivotal for virus replication and the antiviral cellular response. Starting with the interaction with the cell surface, following the virus replicative cycle through the characterization of the entry pathways, the survival and replication in the cytoplasm, to the mechanisms of egress from the infected cell, this review unravels the complex network of interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, highlighting the knowledge that has the potential to set the basis for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.

/pdf/sars-cov-2-and-the-host-cell-a-tale-of-interactions-16ubqd65.pdf

SARS-CoV-2 and the Host Cell: A Tale of Interactions

Anti-diabetic nephropathy compounds from Cinnamomum cassia

The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) droppings were extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned in succession with EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O. From the EtOAc fraction, five megastigmane sesquiterpenes were isolated through repeated silica gel and ODS column chromatography. According to the results of spectroscopic data, such as NMR, MS, and IR, the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined as (3S,5R,8R)-3,5-dihydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one (1), (S)-dehydrovomifoliol (2), (6R,7E,9R) -9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one (3), (3S,5R,6S,7E)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (4), (6R,9R)-9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one (5). Compounds 2 through 5 were isolated for the first time from silkworm droppings. GC/MS analysis indicated silkworm powder contained compound 3, and mulberry leaves contained compound 4. Compounds 1 and 5 increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and SIRT1 in HepG2 and HEK239 cells, respectively. Heme oxygenase-1 is considered to be an antioxidant enzyme that catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide, free iron and biliverdin, while SIRT1 is the mammalian homologue of the yeast silent information regulator (Sir)-2, which are involved in the suppression of inflammatory mediators or factors that may be used to improve atopy-related symptoms.

Isolation of megastigmane sesquiterpenes from the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) droppings and their promotion activity on HO-1 and SIRT1.

Context: The rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute (Liliaceae) has long been used to treat diabetes-associated complications. However, the pharmacological mechanism of P. sibiricum on metabolic disorders is not clear.Objective: This study investigates the effect of an ethanol extract of P. sibiricum rhizomes (designated ID1216) on obesity conditions including weight loss in high-fat (HF) diet-fed mice and explores the potential underlying mechanisms.Methods: To identify the metabolic impact of the P. sibiricum rhizome extract, HF diet-fed mice were administered ID1216 orally at doses of 250 and 1000 mg/kg/d for 10 weeks, and various factors related to metabolic syndrome were analyzed. We also examined the effects of ID1216 on the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, as well as genes associated with energy homeostasis in C2C12 myocytes.Results: ID1216 administration led to significant decreases in body weight gain (37.5%), lipid accumulation in adipose tiss...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/13880209.2014.932393

Effects of Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome ethanol extract in high-fat diet-fed mice.

The present invention relates to a fusion protein of hybrid immunoglobulin Fc and enzyme and, more particularly, to a fusion protein in which an enzyme is linked to human immunoglobulin hybrid Fc represented by an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, and to a method for producing the same. The fusion protein in which an enzyme is linked to human immunoglobulin hybrid Fc represented by an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 according to the present invention maintains activity of the enzyme, has extended half-life and bioavailability when compared with enzymatic treatment agents on the market regardless of the administration method, and exhibits excellent distribution efficiency in specific organs in association with causes of diseases, and thus is effective in preventing diseases caused by the lack of various enzymes in the body, including lysosomal accumulation disease, or producing agents for treating the diseases.

Fusion protein of immunoglobulin hybrid fc and enzyme

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing, as an active ingredient, a fusion protein in which a tissue-penetrating peptide and an anti-vascular endothelial cell growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent are fused, for treating cancer or angiogenesis-related diseases. More specifically, the present invention relates to a use of the fusion protein for treating cancer or angiogenesis-related diseases, wherein the fusion protein improves the tissue penetrability of an anti- vascular endothelial cell growth factor agent and exerts a cancer targeting effect, thereby producing an excellent angiogenesis inhibiting effect and exhibiting a therapeutic effect on cancer showing resistance or unresponsiveness to the anti-VEGF agent.

Pharmaceutical composition containing, as active ingredient, fusion protein in which tumor-penetrating peptide and anti-angiogenesis agent are fused, for preventing and treating cancer or angiogenesis-related diseases

Although bevacizumab (Avastin®) has been approved as an antiangiogenic agent against some cancers, the efficacy is transient and unsatisfactory in other cancers most likely owing to the presence of alternative proangiogenic factors. Therefore, simultaneous blocking of several proangiogenic factors may be a promising strategy for antiangiogenic cancer therapeutics. Accordingly, neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is an attractive target because it serves as a multifunctional receptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Here, we aimed to generate and test an anti-VEGFA and anti-NRP1 dual-targeting bispecific antibody (named as IDB0076) by genetic fusion of an NRP1-targeting peptide to the C-terminus of the bevacizumab heavy chain. Similar to the parental antibody (bevacizumab), IDB0076 suppressed VEGFA-induced migration of human endothelial cells. In contrast, IDB0076 inhibited endothelial-cell migration induced by other angiogenesis growth factors and manifested a more potent antitumor activity than that of bevacizumab in a murine tumor xenograft model. When toxicity was preliminarily evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys, IDB0076 showed no substantial adverse effects, e.g., the absence of noticeable nephrotoxicity, which has previously been documented for the combination therapy of bevacizumab and an anti-NRP1 antibody. Thus, VEGFA-and-NRP1 dual-targeting bispecific antibody IDB0076 may be a potent and safe anticancer agent worthy of further preclinical and clinical studies.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/6/919/pdf

Preclinical Efficacy and Safety of an Anti-Human VEGFA and Anti-Human NRP1 Dual-Targeting Bispecific Antibody (IDB0076).

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