(1990). ENERGY FUNCTION ANALYSIS FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY. Electric Machines & Power Systems: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 209-210.

Energy function analysis for power system stability

A unified PID tuning method for load frequency control (LFC) of power systems is discussed in this paper. The tuning method is based on the two-degree-of-freedom (TDF) internal model control (IMC) design method and a PID approximation procedure. The time-domain performance and robustness of the resulting PID controller is related to two tuning parameters, and robust tuning of the two parameters is discussed. The method is applicable to power systems with non-reheated, reheated, and hydro turbines. Simulation results show that it can indeed improve the damping of the power systems. It is shown that the method can also be used in decentralized PID tuning for multi-area power systems.

Unified Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller for Power Systems via IMC

A new PID controller for resistant differential control against load disturbance is introduced that can be used for load frequency control (LFC) application. Parameters of the controller have been specified by using imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). Load disturbance, which is due to continuous and rapid changes of small loads, is always a problem for load frequency control of power systems. This paper introduces a new method to overcome this problem that is based on filtering technique which eliminates the effect of this kind of disturbance. The object is frequency regulation in each area of the power system and decreasing of power transfer between control areas, so the parameters of the proposed controller have been specified in a wide range of load changes by means of ICA to achieve the best dynamic response of frequency. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a three-area power system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Each area has different generation units, so utilizes controllers with different parameters. Finally a comparison between the proposed controller and two other prevalent PI controllers, optimized by GA and Neural Networks, has been done which represents advantages of this controller over others.

A robust PID controller based on imperialist competitive algorithm for load-frequency control of power systems.

The large-scale power systems are liable to performance deterioration due to the presence of sudden small load perturbations, parameter uncertainties, structural variations, etc. Due to this, modern control aspects are extremely important in load frequency control (LFC) design of power systems. In this paper, the LFC problem is illustrated as a typical disturbance rejection as well as large-scale system control problem. For this purpose, simple approach to LFC design for the power systems having parameter uncertainty and load disturbance is proposed. The approach is based on two-degree-of-freedom, internal model control (IMC) scheme, which unifies the concept of model-order reduction like Routh and Pade approximations, and modified IMC filter design, recently developed by Liu and Gao [24]. The beauty of this paper is that in place of taking the full-order system for internal-model of IMC, a lower-order, i.e., second-order reduced system model, has been considered. This scheme achieves improved closed-loop system performance to counteract load disturbances. The proposed approach is simulated in MATLAB environment for a single-area power system consisting of single generating unit with a non-reheated turbine to highlight the efficiency and efficacy in terms of robustness and optimality.

Load Frequency Control in Power Systems via Internal Model Control Scheme and Model-Order Reduction

https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=encee_facpub

Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the compressive strength and durability of short-term cured concrete

Extended integral control for load frequency control with the consideration of generation-rate constraints

This paper presents a new PID (proportional, integral and differential) control scheme based on the feedback of averaged derivatives to realize a noise-tolerable differential control with its application to the load frequency control in the power system. It is well known that the LFC (load frequency control) is exposed to the quite noisy environment. The noisy environment has made it difficult to adopt the differential feedback loop since the derivatives of the signals deteriorated by high frequency noise causes the system instability. This paper proposed a new PID control scheme adopting averaged derivative of the signal as the differential feedback signal in order to remove the effects of high frequency noise. This study deals with an application of the average differential feedback to the LFC problem in the power systems. The proposed control scheme has been tested for the load frequency control of power systems.

Power system load frequency control using noise-tolerable PID feedback

This paper presents an extended integral control to the speed-governor system for damping power system oscillations. The power system oscillations mostly stem from the surplus kinetic energy which is stored in the generator during the fault period. The effective control of the surplus energy can be the most direct method to achieve the system stabilization. The LFC (load frequency control) loop can be utilized as a direct method to control the surplus energy. The proposed controller based on the extended integral control is applied to speed-governor to damp out the local and interarea mode oscillations. The proposed controller also provide good performance under presence of the singularities of speed-governor such as limits on valve position and GRC (generation rate constraints). The computer simulation has been conducted for the two-area multimachine system with various load changes. The simulation results show that the proposed controller yields much improved control performance, compared to the conventional PI controller.

Extended integral based governor control for power system stabilization

The deregulation problem has recently attracted attentions in a competitive electric power market, where the cost must be earmarked fairly and precisely for the customers and the Independent Power Producers (IPPs) as well. Transmission loss is an one of several important factors that determines power transmission cost. Because the cost caused by transmission losses is about 3-5%, it is important to allocate transmission losses into each bus in a power system. This paper presents the new algorithm to allocate transmission losses based on an integration method using the loss sensitivity. It provides the buswise incremental transmission losses through the calculation of load ratios considering the transaction strategy of an overall system. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by the case studies carried out on the WSCC 9-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems.

/pdf/allocation-of-transmission-loss-for-determination-of-45rr4m26h4.pdf

Allocation of Transmission Loss for Determination of Locational Spot pricing

Th~s paper presents a new PID(Proportiona1, Integral and Differential) control scheme based on the feedback of averaged derivatives to realize a noise-tolerable differential control with its application to the load frequency control in the power system. It is well known that the LFC (Load Frequency Control) is exposed to the quite noisy environment. The noisy environment has rrgde it difficult to adopt the differential feedback loop since the derivatives of the signals deteriorated by high frequency noise causes the system instability. This paper proposed a new PID control scheme adopting averaged derivative of the signal as the differential feedback signal in order to remove the effects of high frequency noises. This study deals with an application of the average differential feedback to the LFC problem in the power systems. The proposed control scheme has been tested for the load frequency control of power systems.

Power system load frequency control

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