An apparatus and method for providing rewritable or erasable printing or copying that utilizes nanoparticle ink or toner is disclosed. A paper-like material is described using nanoparticles that are selectively controlled to show a substantially dark, gray, or white dot depending on an emitted signal or field in a printer or copier device. Also disclosed is a printer or copier device that erases and writes nanoparticles to a paper-like material depending on an emitted magnetic signal in a printer or copier device.

Providing erasable printing with nanoparticles

/pdf/interconnects-for-post-cmos-devices-physical-limits-and-386gj0sg8y.pdf

Interconnects for post-CMOS devices: physical limits and device and circuit implications

Knowledge of transport processes of heat and moisture in soils of arid zones is vital to understanding the environmental and economic impacts of many activities: agriculture, waste disposal, geoenvironmental practices and earth sciences. Through extensive review and study on the different aspects of coupled transfer processes in swelling porous media, a general mathematical model for coupled heat, moisture, air flow and deformation problems in clayey soils is proposed in a consistent and unified manner. The model is characterized by the presence of a deformable solid matrix filled with two fluid phases (liquid water and air). In the proposed model, both pore water and air transfers are assumed to be governed by the generalized Darcy’s law. Fully coupled, non-linear partial differential equations are established and then solved by using a Galerkin weighted residual approach in space domain and an implicit integrating scheme in time domain. The obtained model has been finally validated by means of some case tests for the prediction of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated swelling soils. The calculated relative errors between experimental and numerical results are 3% for temperature and 7% for stresses. Consequently, the developed numerical model predicts satisfactory results, compared to experimental test measures. The model is applicable to two-dimensional problems with various initial and boundary conditions; non-linear soil parameters can be easily included in this model.

A coupled model for heating and hydratation in unsaturated clays

https://robots.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/ac3475/pdf

Equilibria and precession in a uniaxial antiferromagnet driven by the spin Hall effect

Spin-transfer torque (or spin-torque, or STT) based magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is at the heart of a new generation of magnetism-based solid-state memory, the so-called spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memory, or STT-MRAM. Over the past decades, STT-based switchable magnetic tunnel junction has seen progress on many fronts, including the discovery of (001) MgO as the most favored tunnel barrier, which together with (bcc) Fe or FeCo alloy are yielding best demonstrated tunnel magneto-resistance (TMR); the development of perpendicularly magnetized ultrathin CoFeB-type of thin films sufficient to support high density memories with junction sizes demonstrated down to 11nm in diameter; and record-low spin-torque switching threshold current, giving best reported switching efficiency over 5 kBT/μA. Here we review the basic device properties focusing on the perpendicularly magnetized MTJs, both in terms of switching efficiency as measured by sub-threshold, quasi-static methods, and of switching speed at super-threshold, forced switching. We focus on device behaviors important for memory applications that are rooted in fundamental device physics, which highlights the trade-off of device parameters for best suitable system integration.

Spin-transfer torque switched magnetic tunnel junctions in magnetic random access memory

If a magnet is small enough, an electric current carrying polarized spins can flip it around. Scientists are finding clever ways to control this spin-torque effect precisely, both for when it is wanted and when it is not.

https://physics.aps.org/articles/pdf/10.1103/Physics.1.33

Switching a nanomagnet is all in the timing

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Switching a nanomagnet is all in the timing

Viewpoint: Switching a nanomagnet is all in the timing