Partially shaded conditions (PSCs) often occur in large photovoltaic generation systems (PGSs). PSCs cause losses in system output power, hot spot effects, and system safety and reliability problems. When PSC occur, the PGS power–voltage characteristic curve exhibits multiple peak values; that is, the curve comprises a global maximum power point and multiple local maximum power points. Current literature includes various studies of global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT) algorithms and hardware architectures suitable for PSC; because the substantial quantity of PSC literature, this subject must be comprehensively reviewed. To focus on GMPPT techniques used in PSC, traditional maximum power point tracking techniques and circuit architectures that cannot distinguish GMPP and LMPP were not discussed.

A review of maximum power point tracking techniques for use in partially shaded conditions

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an important concern in Photovoltaic (PV) systems As PV systems have a high cost of energy it is essential that they are operated to extract the maximum possible power at all times However, under non-uniform environmental conditions, which frequently arise in the outdoor environment, many MPPT techniques will fail to track the global peak power This review paper discusses conventional MPPT techniques designed to operate under uniform environmental conditions and highlights why these techniques fail under non-uniform conditions Following this, techniques designed specifically to operate under non-uniform environmental conditions are analysed and compared Simulation results which compare the performance of the common Perturb and Observe (P&O) method, the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and the Simulated Annealing (SA) MPPT approaches under non-uniform environmental conditions are also presented The research presented in this review indicates that there is no single technique which can achieve reliable global MPPT with low cost and complexity and be easily adapted to different PV systems

Maximum Power Point Tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems: A comprehensive review and comparative analysis

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an important consideration in Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, particularly as these systems increase in size and are exposed to non-uniform environmental conditions. Conventional MPPT techniques are designed to track the Maximum Power Point under uniform conditions where there is a single maximum power. Under non-uniform environmental conditions, with bypass diodes integrated into the circuit, the Power-Voltage characteristics become more complex resulting in multiple local maxima. Under such conditions, conventional MPPT techniques cannot track the global maxima and may result in considerable energy losses. This review paper explores the approaches designed to mitigate the complexities arising from non-uniform environmental conditions in PV system operation.

Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking approaches suitable for PV systems under Partial Shading Conditions

To operate photovoltaic (PV) systems efficiently, the maximum available power should always be extracted. However, due to rapidly varying environmental conditions such as irradiation, temperature, and shading, determining the maximum available power is a time-varying problem. To extract the maximum available power and track the optimal power point under these varying environmental conditions, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are proposed. The application of MPPT for extracting maximum power plays a crucial role in developing efficient PV systems. These MPPT techniques face several issues and limitations, particularly during partial shading conditions caused by non-uniform environmental conditions. Researchers have been focusing more on mitigating the partial shading condition in PV systems for the last few years due to the need to improve power output and efficiency. This paper provides an overview of MPPTs proposed in the literature for uniform and non-uniform environmental conditions broadly categorized as MPPT-based and circuit-based methods. The MPPT-based methods are classified as conventional, soft computing, and hybrid techniques. A critical analysis of each approach regarding tracking speed, algorithm complexity, and dynamic tracking under partial shading is discussed. The literature shows hybrid strategies provide fast-tracking speed and are efficient with a tracking efficiency of around 99% compared to conventional methods; however, their design and practical implementation are complex. This comprehensive review of MPPT methods aims to provide power utilities and researchers with a reference and guideline to select the best MPPT method for normal operation and partially shaded PV systems based on their effectiveness and economic feasibility.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems under Partial Shading

A global MPPT algorithm for existing PV system mitigating suboptimal operating conditions

A device, system, and method for global maximum power point tracking comprises monitoring an output power of a DC power source while executing a maximum power point tracking algorithm and adjusting a maximum power point tracking command signal in response to the output power being less than a reference output power. The command signal is adjusted until the output power exceeds a previous output power by a reference amount. The command signal may be a voltage command signal, a current command signal, an impedance command signal, a duty ratio command signal, or the like.

Device and method for global maximum power point tracking

This paper proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method to seek the global maximum power point (MPP) in photovoltaic (PV) modules. The method infers partial shading—and hence the possibility of multiple maxima—by monitoring bypass-diode voltages and initiates a global search routine only if a bypass diode turns on. Under nominal conditions, conventional MPPT is implemented through a perturbation-based approach. This technique provides a significant advantage over existing methods to counter partial shading that periodically scan the entire PV power profile. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to track the global MPP for string and cell-level shading scenarios.

A global maximum power point tracking method for PV module integrated converters

A device, system, and method for communicating with a power inverter of an array of inverters includes transmitting a relay message from an inverter array controller to a relay inverter in response to failing to receive a response from at least one power inverter of the array. The relay inverter is configured to retransmit a message from the inverter array controller to a non-responsive power inverter of the array of inverters in response to receiving the relay message. The relay inverter may subsequently retransmit a reply received from the non-responsive power inverter to the inverter array controller or to another power inverter of the array of inverters.

Device, system, and method for communicating with a power inverter using power line communications

A photovoltaic (PV) system includes module-level power electronic (MLPE) devices that produce energy. The PV system includes a gateway to receive and send data to MLPE devices. The gateway also connects the PV system with a network, such as a local area network, that allows access to the Internet. The gateway provides functionality within the PV system to perform various processes to improve operation of MLPE devices.

Photovoltaic management and module-level power electronics

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) panels is primarily implemented at the panel level in presently-installed PV systems. Each panel typically consists of three subpanel strings with a bypass diode connected over each subpanel. When a panel becomes partially-shaded, the MPPT control may bypass a substring to optimize power, however, bypassing increases hot spotting risk. This paper introduces a voltage-threshold control that works with existing MPPT to mitigate hot spotting. The control imposes a lower voltage limit that prevents a compromised subpanel string from being bypassed. Simulation results show that voltage-threshold control is effective in limiting hot spotting for both typical Type A and Type B PV cells, with only minimal reduction in energy output.

Photovoltaic hot spot mitigation using voltage-threshold control at the panel level

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