Among novel technologies for producing electricity from renewable resources, a new class of wind energy converters has been conceived under the name of Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWESs). This new generation of systems employs flying tethered wings or aircraft in order to reach winds blowing at atmosphere layers that are inaccessible by traditional wind turbines. Research on AWESs started in the mid seventies, with a rapid acceleration in the last decade. A number of systems based on radically different concepts have been analyzed and tested. Several prototypes have been developed all over the world and the results from early experiments are becoming available. This paper provides a review of the different technologies that have been conceived to harvest the energy of high-altitude winds, specifically including prototypes developed by universities and companies. A classification of such systems is proposed on the basis of their general layout and architecture. The focus is set on the hardware architecture of systems that have been demonstrated and tested in real scenarios. Promising solutions that are likely to be implemented in the close future are also considered.

/pdf/airborne-wind-energy-systems-a-review-of-the-technologies-3wl1owrilz.pdf

Airborne Wind Energy Systems: A review of the technologies

Shipping faces challenges of reducing the dependence on fossil fuels to align with the international regulations of ship emissions reduction. The maritime industry is in urgent need of searching about alternative energy sources for ships. This paper highlights the applicability of harnessing wind power for ships. Flettner rotors as a clean propulsion technology for commercial ships are introduced. As a case study, one of the bulk carrier ships operating between Damietta port in Egypt and Dunkirk port in France has been investigated. The results showed the high influence of the interaction between ship course and wind speed and direction on the net output power of Flettner rotors. The average net output power for each rotor will be 384 kW/h. Economically, the results reveal that the use of Flettner rotors will contribute to considerable savings, up to 22.28% of the annual ship’s fuel consumption. The pay-back period of the proposed concept will be 6 years with a considerable value of levelized cost of energy. Environmentally, NOx and CO2 emissions will be reduced by 270.4 and 9272 ton/year with cost-effectiveness of $1912 and $55.8/ton, respectively, at annual interest rate of 10%.

/pdf/harnessing-wind-energy-on-merchant-ships-case-study-flettner-10201ky5z1.pdf

Harnessing wind energy on merchant ships: case study Flettner rotors onboard bulk carriers.

In this paper, a neuro-sliding mode controller (SMC) has been designed for a quadrotor transporting a suspended payload. SMCs are very efficient under uncertain conditions. However, if the uncertai...

Neuro sliding mode control of quadrotor UAVs carrying suspended payload

/pdf/lab-scale-experimental-characterization-and-dynamic-scaling-24u0ql952p.pdf

Lab-scale experimental characterization and dynamic scaling assessment for closed-loop crosswind flight of airborne wind energy systems

Future spacecraft systems will require careful co-design over both physical and cyber elements to provide a better performance for holistic system. Furthermore, the event triggered control is a resource-aware strategy which allows a reduction of the computation and communication demand without sacrificing performance. In this paper, we discuss that a nonlinear event triggered control approach is applied for the spacecraft attitude control problem. Actuation is only performed when needed and a quaternion based nonlinear feedback strategy is proposed in this approach for ensuring system exponential stability to the desired attitude. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the efficiency and feasibility of the obtained results.

Event-triggered nonlinear attitude control for a rigid spacecraft

Although periodicity simplifies design and analysis in control theory, it is no more adapted for embedded and networked cyber-physical systems because it results in a conservative usage of resources. Indeed, the control signal is computed and updated at the same rate regardless whether is really required or not, and is periodically sent on the communication link. On the other hand, event-driven sampling calls for resources whenever they are indeed necessary. An event-based controller is proposed in this paper as a solution to reduce the updates from the controller to the plant. An event-based corrector is also added to reduce the communications from the plant to the controller. The approach is tested for controlling the position of a real-time mini quadrotor helicopter using a motion capture system with deported controller. A reduction of the computing/communication resources utilization is highly demonstrated for similar final performance.

/pdf/event-based-control-for-embedded-and-networked-system-1ne1i0arv6.pdf

Event-Based Control for Embedded and Networked System: Application to a Mini Quadrotor Helicopter using Motion Capture

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00581800/document

A new mathematical model for car drivers with spatial preview

High altitude wind energy (HAWE) is a new field of renewable energy that has received an increasing attention during the last decade. Many solutions were proposed to harvest this energy including the usage of kites and wings. In this paper, a novel wind power system based on a tethered wing is presented. An observer-based control strategy that avoids the need for precise knowledge of the dynamic model is then applied. Numerical simulations show the performance of the proposed control scheme which is validated in real time on an indoor experimental set-up of Gipsa-lab control system department.

/pdf/observer-based-control-of-a-tethered-wing-wind-power-system-302mbrk8zt.pdf

Observer-based control of a tethered wing wind power system: indoor real-time experiment

https://www.mazenalamir.fr/home/images/Publication_files/conferences/C81.pdf

Control of a wind power system based on a tethered wing

The growing need of energy, global warming and recent nuclear power plant accidents have shown that renewable energies need to be developed for tomorrow's world. Wind energy is generally harvested using wind turbines. Unfortunately, these systems have some drawbacks such as their cost, and the amount of steel and concrete used for construction. As their size grows, their complexity increases exponentially. This paper studies an alternative solution for the production of wind energy, using a kite's traction force. The aim of this paper is to control the amount of energy produced by the kite, and to be able to fly it safely in the presence of strong wind gusts. Our theoretical work has been implemented in a scale model flying autonomously in a wind tunnel. The proposed control strategy has led to control the system output power with an accuracy greater than 95%, with unknown wind speeds varying from 7.5 to 9 m/s.

/pdf/energy-production-control-of-an-experimental-kite-system-in-40flchk6ic.pdf

Energy production control of an experimental kite system in presence of wind gusts

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