Potential for Powered Flight Neared by Most Close Avialan Relatives, but Few Crossed Its Thresholds

Isolated theropod teeth are some of the most common fossils in the dinosaur fossil record and are continually reported in the literature. Recently developed quantitative methods have improved our ability to test the affinities of isolated teeth in a repeatable framework. But in most studies, teeth are diagnosed on qualitative characters. This can be problematic because the distribution of theropod dental characters is still poorly documented, and often restricted to one lineage. To help in the identification of isolated theropod teeth, and to more rigorously evaluate their taxonomic and phylogenetic potential, we evaluated dental features in two ways. We first analyzed the distribution of 34 qualitative dental characters in a broad sample of taxa. Functional properties for each dental feature were included to assess how functional similarity generates homoplasy. We then compiled a quantitative data matrix of 145 dental characters for 97 saurischian taxa. The latter was used to assess the degree of homoplasy of qualitative dental characters, address longstanding questions on the taxonomic and biostratigraphic value of theropod teeth, and explore the major evolutionary trends in the theropod dentition. In smaller phylogenetic datasets for Theropoda, dental characters exhibit higher levels of homoplasy than non-dental characters, yet they still provide useful grouping information and optimize as local synapomorphies of smaller clades. In broader phylogenetic datasets, the degree of homoplasy displayed by dental and non-dental characters is not significantly different. Dental features on crown ornamentations, enamel texture and tooth microstructure have significantly less homoplasy than other dental features and can be used to identify many theropod taxa to ‘family’ or ’sub-family’ level, and some taxa to genus or species. These features should, therefore, be a priority for investigations seeking to classify isolated teeth. Our observations improve the taxonomic utility of theropod teeth and in some cases can help make isolated teeth useful as biostratigraphic markers. This proposed list of dental features in theropods should, therefore, facilitate future studies on the systematic paleontology of isolated teeth. HENDRICKX ET AL.: DENTAL FEATURES IN THEROPODS 2 Christophe Hendrickx. Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. currently: Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, CONICET-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Tucumán, Argentina. christophendrickx@gmail.com Octávio Mateus. Museu da Lourinhã, 9 Rua João Luis de Moura, 2530-158, Lourinhã, Portugal; Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal. omateus@fct.unl.pt Ricardo Araújo. Museu da Lourinhã, 9 Rua João Luis de Moura, 2530-158, Lourinhã, Portugal; Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, PO Box 750395, 75275-0395, Dallas, Texas, USA; Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany. rmaraujo@smu.edu Jonah Choiniere. Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. jonah.choiniere@wits.ac.za

/pdf/the-distribution-of-dental-features-in-non-avian-theropod-3fu0t25hnt.pdf

The distribution of dental features in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: Taxonomic potential, degree of homoplasy, and major evolutionary trends

The iconic primeval bird Archaeopteryx was so far mainly known from the Altmuhltal Formation (early Tithonian) of Bavaria, southern Germany, with one specimen having been found in the overlying Mornsheim Formation. A new specimen (the 12th skeletal specimen) from the earliest Tithonian Painten Formation of Schamhaupten (Bavaria) represents the so far oldest representative of the genus. The new specimen shows several interesting anatomical details, including the presence of a postorbital in contact with the jugal, the presence of a separate prefrontal and coronoid, and opisthocoelous mid-cervical vertebrae. Based on observations on the new specimen, we discuss several problematic issues concerning Archaeopteryx, including the monophyly and diagnosis of the genus, the absence/presence of the sternum, the position of the gastralia, and variation in morphometrics and dental morphology in that genus. Based on a new diagnosis for the genus Archaeopteryx, the Berlin, Eichstatt, Solnhofen, Munich, Daiting, Thermopolis, 11th, and 12th specimens can be referred to this genus with high certainty. The Maxberg specimen is very probably also an Archaeopteryx, based on overall similarity, although none of the diagnostic characters can be evaluated with certainty. The ninth specimen ('chicken wing') might be Archaeopteryx, but cannot be referred to the genus with any certainty. In comparison with other paravians, the presence of distally thickened anterior pectoral ribs indicates that a rather large cartilagenous sternum was present in this taxon. In contrast to non-opisthopubic theropods, opisthopubic taxa, such as Archaeopteryx and many other paravians, have the posterior end of the gastral basket preserved at about half-length of the pubis, which might reflect the post-mortem collapse of enlarged abdominal air sacs in these taxa. Specimens that can be referred to Archaeopteryx show a high amount of variation, both in the morphometrics of the limb bones as well as in the dentition. In respect to the latter aspect, variation is found in tooth number, spacing, orientation, and morphology, with no two specimens showing the exact same pattern. The significance of this variation is unclear, and possible explanations reach from high intraspecific (and possibly ontogenetic and/or sexual dimorphic) variation to the possibility that the known specimens represent a 'species flock' of Archaeopteryx, possibly due to island speciation after the initial dispersal of the genus into the Solnhofen Archipelago.

/pdf/the-oldest-archaeopteryx-theropoda-avialiae-a-new-specimen-4r3tmhckbk.pdf

The oldest Archaeopteryx (Theropoda: Avialiae): a new specimen from the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary of Schamhaupten, Bavaria

Asymmetrical feathers have been associated with flight capability but are also found in species that do not fly, and their appearance was a major event in feather evolution. Among non-avialan theropods, they are only known in microraptorine dromaeosaurids. Here we report a new troodontid, Jianianhualong tengi gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of China, that has anatomical features that are transitional between long-armed basal troodontids and derived short-armed ones, shedding new light on troodontid character evolution. It indicates that troodontid feathering is similar to Archaeopteryx in having large arm and leg feathers as well as frond-like tail feathering, confirming that these feathering characteristics were widely present among basal paravians. Most significantly, the taxon has the earliest known asymmetrical troodontid feathers, suggesting that feather asymmetry was ancestral to Paraves. This taxon also displays a mosaic distribution of characters like Sinusonasus, another troodontid with transitional anatomical features. Troodontids were theropod dinosaurs closely related to birds. Here, Xu and colleagues describe a new, feathered troodontid species,Jianianhualong tengi, dating from the Lower Cretaceous period in China that provides insight into troodontid mosaic evolution and paravian feathering.

/pdf/mosaic-evolution-in-an-asymmetrically-feathered-troodontid-3egxv18hv2.pdf

Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features.

Here we provide a detailed description of the postcranial skeleton of the holotype and referred specimens of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum. This taxon was recovered as an unenlagiine dromaeosaurid in several recent phylogenetic studies and is the best represented Gondwanan dromaeosaurid discovered to date. It was preliminarily described in a brief article, but a detailed account of its osteology is emerging in recent works. The holotype is the most complete specimen yet found, so an exhaustive description of it provides much valuable anatomical information. The holotype and referred specimens preserve the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and both fore- and hindlimbs. Diagnostic postcranial characters of this taxon include: anterior cervical centra exceeding the posterior limit of neural arch; eighth and ninth cervical vertebral centra with lateroventral tubercles; pneumatic foramina only in anteriormost dorsals; middle and posterior caudal centra with a complex of shallow ridges on lateral surfaces; pneumatic furcula with two pneumatic foramina on the ventral surface; scapular blade transversely expanded at mid-length; well-projected flexor process on distal end of the humerus; dorsal rim of the ilium laterally everted; and concave dorsal rim of the postacetabular iliac blade. A paleohistological study of limb bones shows that the holotype represents an earlier ontogenetic stage than one of the referred specimens (MPCA 238), which correlates with the fusion of the last sacral vertebra to the rest of the sacrum in MPCA 238. A revised phylogenetic analysis recovered Buitreraptor as an unenlagiine dromaeosaurid, in agreement with previous works. The phylogenetic implications of the unenlagiine synapomorphies and other characters, such as the specialized pedal digit II and the distal ginglymus on metatarsal II, are discussed within the evolutionary framework of Paraves.

Postcranial skeletal anatomy of the holotype and referred specimens of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum Makovicky, Apesteguía and Agnolín 2005 (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia.

The taxonomic status of the Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurid Linheraptor exquisitus and its implications for dromaeosaurid systematics

The Advanced Particle-astrophysics Telescope (APT) is a planned space-based observatory designed to localize MeV to TeV transients such as gamma-ray bursts in real time using onboard computational hardware.The Antarctic Demonstrator for APT (ADAPT) is a prototype high-altitude balloon mission scheduled to fly during the 2025-26 season.Gamma-ray-induced scintillations in CsI tiles will be captured by perpendicular arrays of optical fibers running across both tile surfaces, as well as SiPM-based edge detectors to improve light collection and calorimetry.Signal samples are captured by analog waveform digitizer ASICs then sent to the front end of the computational pipeline, which is designed to be deployed on a set of FPGAs.This paper presents a model for uncertainty in the measured positions and deposited energies of Compton scatters in ADAPT, informed by simulations of the scintillation response and optical propagation properties of the CsI tiles, as well as existing characterizations of the SiPM and preamplifier boards.Anisotropic background radiation and event pileup are also considered.We describe our current implementation of event processing and data reduction for individual gamma rays, including both pedestal subtraction and signal integration.Preliminary work shows that high-level synthesis (HLS) enables the logic for pedestal subtraction and signal integration across 96 ASIC channels to run in 302 clock cycles on a single Kintex-7 FPGA.This demonstrates the feasibility of using FPGA hardware to accelerate the front-end event-building stage prior to back-end reconstruction and localization. 

Front-End Computational Modeling and Design for the Antarctic Demonstrator for the Advanced Particle-astrophysics Telescope

Hardfacing is carried out to enhance the hardness of the surface of a substrate by depositing a hard and wear resistance filler metal. It is a more cost-effective to construct it out of regular steel and then coat the important layer of welded metal that can ensure the required hardness at the surface. A hardfacing system was developed by employing Robotic Gas Metal Arc Welding for the hardfacing of Stellite 21 on the Mild steel substate. The various components of the hardfacing system and the detailed procedure of hardfacing including the programming the robot, setting the process parameters, conducting the experiments as per Taguchi L9 array and the measurement of hardness were explained. Hardfacing trial 5 gave the maximum hardfacing deposit hardness of 499 Hv.

https://scientifictemper.com/index.php/tst/article/download/412/381

Satellite hardfacing of mild steel using robotic mig welding

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The taxonomic status of the Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurid Linheraptor exquisitus and its implications for dromaeosaurid systematics

Front-End Computational Modeling and Design for the Antarctic Demonstrator for the Advanced Particle-astrophysics Telescope

Satellite hardfacing of mild steel using robotic mig welding