Government policies are needed when people's behaviors fail to deliver the public good. Those policies will be most effective if they can stimulate long-term changes in beliefs and norms, creating and reinforcing the behaviors needed to solidify and extend the public good.It is often the short-term acceptability of potential policies, rather than their longer-term efficacy, that determines their scope and deployment. The policy process should consider both time scales. The academy, however, has provided insufficient insight on the coevolution of social norms and different policy instruments, thus compromising the capacity of decision makers to craft effective solutions to the society's most intractable environmental problems. Life scientists could make fundamental contributions to this agenda through targeted research on the emergence of social norms.

https://bioone.org/journals/bioscience/volume-63/issue-3/bio.2013.63.3.5/Social-Norms-and-Global-Environmental-Challenges--The-Complex-Interaction/10.1525/bio.2013.63.3.5.pdf

Social Norms and Global Environmental Challenges: The Complex Interaction of Behaviors, Values, and Policy

Incentives and cheating

This paper investigates how scientists decide whether to share information with their colleagues or not. Detailed data on the decisions of 1,694 bio-scientists allow detecting similarities and differences between academia-based and industry-based scientists. Arguments from social capital theory are applied to explain why individuals share information even at personal cost. In both realms, the results suggest that the likelihood of sharing decreases with the competitive value of the requested information. Factors related to social capital - expected reciprocity and the extent to which a scientist’s community conforms to open science - either directly affect information-sharing or moderate competitive interest considerations.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1658439

Information-Sharing in Academia and the Industry: A Comparative Study

This paper investigates how scientists decide whether to share information with their colleagues or not. Detailed data on the decisions of 1,694 bio-scientists allow to detect similarities and differences between academia-based and industry-based scientists. Arguments from social capital theory are applied to explain why individuals share information even at (temporary) personal cost. In both realms, the results suggest that the likelihood of sharing decreases with the competitive value of the requested information. Factors related to social capital, i.e., expected reciprocity and the extent to which a scientist’s community conforms to the norm of open science,either directly affect information-sharing or moderate competitive interest considerations on information-sharing. The effect depends on the system to which a scientist belongs.

Following two important strands of tax compliance literature, this empirical paper develops a cross-section analysis in order to test both the role of tax morale on tax compliance decisions and the main predictions of the slippery slope framework. Using data from the World Value Surveys (WWS), we find empirical support for the slippery slope framework, since trust in and power of tax authorities are negatively and significantly related to a proxy for tax non-compliance behavior given by the size of the hidden economy. In particular, trust in tax authorities exerts a larger effect on shadow economy than the power of tax authorities. Instead, the relation between tax morale and our proxy for tax evasion is not statistically significant.

Tax Morale, Slippery-Slope Framework and Tax Compliance: A Cross-section Analysis

/pdf/social-norms-and-economic-theory-originally-published-in-2iy5ahdrnj.pdf

Social Norms and Economic Theory: Originally published in Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (4), 1989

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Social Norms and Economic Theory: Originally published in Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (4), 1989