NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

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Flow The Psychology Of Optimal Experience

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Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. Pippa Norris. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 303 pp. $60 hbk., $20 pbk. Forecasts that the Internet heralds a world of more democracy and less poverty seem as inflated as dot.com stocks. This rosy view has electronic voting, political chat rooms, and email access re-engaging apathetic publics in politics. Digital technologies redress economic disparities, and the benefits of the Internet percolate down to transform poor societies. Equally exaggerated is the gloom of naysayers. The Internet Age has done little to narrow the gap between rich and poor countries, the information haves and havenots, cyber-skeptics contend. Indeed, digital technologies could create new inequalities and reinforce the dominance of power elites. In her new book, Digital Divide, Pippa Norris, associate director of the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University, steps into this fusillade of cyber-hyperbole, lowers the decibel with a well-written and thoughtful examination of Internet use and access in 179 countries and dissects the claims and counter-claims. Her research and findings place her on middle ground, somewhere between current reality and optimism. The Internet era seems to be changing "politics as usual" in a number of countries, expanding and loosening information about governments and politics, allowing the entrance of new political players, and fostering international movements on the environment, women's rights, and other issues across borders. The disappointment is that digital technologies are activating the already politically active and passing up the disengaged and uninterested. A major challenge to digital democracy is the gulf between the United States, Scandinavia, and other early Internet adopters and the rest of the world. That gap is now so wide that at the turn of the century, more than three-quarters of the online community lived in the developed world. Internet use tracks the path of economic and technological development. But that situation could begin to change, Norris says. The Internet is in its technological adolescence. Costs of access are falling. And governments can make a difference if policymakers take the initiative. We have the historical patterns of other communication technologies to study. Norris examines theories of technological diffusion and points out that the American response to the Internet is more akin to the rapid spread of televisions and VCRs than the slower adoption of telephones and radios. American dominance could recede as Internet access grows worldwide. Contrary to what officials of the Bush Administration contend, Norris finds that the digital divide between rich and poor within the United States remains substantial. Europe mirrors that trend. In the long run, the Internet could become more accessible to the excluded: lower income families, minorities, and women. …

Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide

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Annotated corpora of the size needed for modern computational linguistics research cannot be created by small groups of hand annotators. One solution is to exploit collaborative work on the Web and one way to do this is through games like the ESP game. Applying this methodology however requires developing methods for teaching subjects the rules of the game and evaluating their contribution while maintaining the game entertainment. In addition, applying this method to linguistic annotation tasks like anaphoric annotation requires developing methods for presenting text and identifying the components of the text that need to be annotated. In this paper we present the first version of Phrase Detectives (http://www.phrasedetectives.org), to our knowledge the first game designed for collaborative linguistic annotation on the Web.

/pdf/phrase-detectives-a-web-based-collaborative-annotation-game-4vcd2d0btx.pdf

Phrase Detectives: A Web-based collaborative annotation game

We are witnessing a paradigm shift in human language technology that may well have an impact on the field comparable to the statistical revolution: acquiring large-scale resources by exploiting collective intelligence. An illustration of this approach is Phrase Detectives, an interactive online game-with-a-purpose for creating anaphorically annotated resources that makes use of a highly distributed population of contributors with different levels of expertise.

The paper gives an overview of all aspects of Phrase Detectives, from the design of the game and the methods used, to the results obtained so far. It furthermore summarises the lessons that have been learnt in developing the game to help other researchers assess and implement the approach.

Phrase detectives: utilizing collective intelligence for internet-scale language resource creation

Chatbots that can automatically answer customer requests have become a common feature on e-commerce Web sites. There are many factors that might affect overall customer satisfaction with such services. We explore how adding language style to e-commerce chatbots can be used to increase user satisfaction, perceived product value, user interest in a product, and user engagement with a chatbot service. We conducted an experimental pilot study, where two chatbots were used to sell theatre tickets: one communicating in modern English and one in a Shakespearean-style dialect. 169 participants interacted with a randomly-assigned version of the chatbot. The results indicate that the bot talking in modern English showed a significantly higher user satisfaction, whereas the Shakespearean-styled chatbot showed higher user engagement and perceived product value. It was also found that the modern chatbot version was more often referred to as being 'easy to use', whereas the Shakespearean chatbot version was more often referred to as being 'fun to use'.

Exploring Language Style in Chatbots to Increase Perceived Product Value and User Engagement

This paper reports on the ongoing work of Phrase Detectives, an attempt to create a very large anaphorically annotated text corpus. Annotated corpora of the size needed for modern computational linguistics research cannot be created by small groups of hand-annotators however the ESP game and similar games with a purpose have demonstrated how it might be possible to do this through Web collaboration. We show that this approach could be used to create large, high-quality natural language resources.

Constructing an Anaphorically Annotated Corpus with Non-Experts: Assessing the Quality of Collaborative Annotations

In this chapter, social networking platforms are explored to see whether they can be a useful resource for biomonitoring; more specifically do they contain reliable biodiversity data and to what extent can we extract that information, both by analysing conversation threads and understanding how groups of people solve image classification problems A corpus of messages was analysed from Facebook containing 39,039 conversation threads Social network groups that were set up specifically for users to exchange biodiversity information show a high workrate, fast response time, short message lifespan and more in-thread activity and discussion Image classification tasks posted in these groups get a fast reply, elicit more data from users and are more likely to have the task completed Users distribute work unevenly (the top 20% of users do 884% of the work), following a Zipf distribution This technology offers researchers a new opportunity to gather biodiversity data; however, it is not without its challenges Tasks posted in such groups tend to be difficult to solve; however, the resulting labelling quality is very high when compared to experts and to other approaches Automatic processing in some form for these types of data is essential given the rate of increase of data being added every day to social networking platforms; however, this is a complex problem due to informal language use and access to the data

Using Social Media for Biomonitoring: How Facebook, Twitter, Flickr and Other Social Networking Platforms Can Provide Large-Scale Biodiversity Data

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