In Europe and Asia, vehicle emissions regulations include a number limit for particles larger than 23 nm, which might be reduced to 10 nm in the future. A particle number system (LABS) consists of a volatile particle remover (VPR) and a particle number counter (PNC). However, it is not simple to derive the combined penetration (efficiency), because the parts are calibrated separately at different sizes and with different materials. On the other hand, portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for real-driving emissions (RDE) testing or counters for periodical technical inspection (PTI) of vehicle exhaust are calibrated as complete units with soot-like aerosol. The aim of this study is to estimate the efficiency of a LABS using different materials (soot, graphite, salt, silver, emery oil), typically used for the calibration of LABS, PEMS or PTI counters. The results show that appropriate selection of the calibration material is important in order to have representative of the reality efficiencies. The impact is very high for 23 nm systems, but less critical for 10 nm systems. The estimation of a mean size based on the ratio of 23 nm and 10 nm measurements and the correction of the losses in the sub-23 nm region are also discussed.

/pdf/impact-of-material-on-response-and-calibration-of-particle-hhkpimic.pdf

Impact of Material on Response and Calibration of Particle Number Systems

Internal combustion engines are still widely used for propulsion in modern vehicles. Upcoming emission legislation imposes stricter limits on exhaust emissions. One method to achieve emission compliance is by using a three-way catalyst (TWC), which offers excellent emission reduction if the mixture is stoichiometric. However, stoichiometric mixtures in spark-ignited engines have the drawback of increased knock propensity. Knock can be mitigated by using water injection, which serves as both a diluent and utilizes latent heat to reduce the temperature, thereby reducing the reactivity of the unburned mixture. Methanol as a fuel has received more attention thanks to its high research octane number (RON) and its potential to contribute to decarbonization when produced as e- or bio-methanol. In the current study, Direct Water Injection (DWI) was evaluated on a Heavy-Duty (HD) single-cylinder research engine fueled by methanol. This work aims to fill a research gap on methanol-fueled engines with water injection. A direct injection system of water was chosen as it offers the freedom to inject during the closed cycle. Furthermore, a chemical kinetic study on the oxidation of stoichiometric methanol–water mixtures was conducted based on findings in the literature suggesting that, under certain conditions, water mixed with alcohol (in this case, ethanol) can reduce the ignition delay. The experimental results demonstrate that DWI effectively suppresses knock and reduced Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), albeit with deteriorated combustion efficiency. The chemical kinetic study suggested that at lower to intermediate temperatures, water acts as an efficient third-body collider, which lowers the ignition delay. However, this effect is not significant for the typical timescales encountered in HD engines. 

Experimental and chemical-kinetic evaluation of a heavy-duty methanol PFI engine with direct water injection

The article considers variables registered in the WLTP procedure. The test results of a passenger car with a compression-ignition engine have been analysed. The tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer. The tests were performed for engine cold start and ran up to the point of reaching stabilized operating conditions. The average specific distance emissions and volumetric fuel consumption were assessed for individual test phases as well as for the entire test. It was found that the results in the first test phase, which corresponded to the engine cold start up to stabilized operating conditions, had the most significant impact on the overall exhaust emission and fuel consumption results in the test. The specific distance emissions of carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides were by far the highest in the first phase of the test. In the fourth phase of the test, the specific distance emissions of methane and carbon dioxide turned out to be the highest, as well as the operational volumetric fuel consumption being the highest.

Research on the results of the WLTP procedure for a passenger vehicle

Despite the legislation targets set by several governments of a full electrification of new light-duty vehicle fleets by 2035, the development of innovative, environmental-friendly Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) is still crucial to be on track toward the complete decarbonization of on road-mobility of the future. In such a framework, the PHOENICE (PHev towards zerO EmissioNs & ultimate ICE efficiency) project aims at developing a C SUV-class plug-in hybrid (P0/P4) vehicle demonstrator capable to achieve a -10% fuel consumption reduction with respect to current EU6 vehicle while complying with upcoming EU7 pollutant emissions limits.Such ambitious targets will require the optimization of the whole engine system, exploiting the possible synergies among the combustion, the aftertreatment and the exhaust waste heat recovery systems. Focusing on the first aspect, the combined use of innovative in-cylinder charge motion, Miller cycle with high compression ratio, lean mixture with cooled EGR and electrified turbocharger will enable a highly diluted combustion process capable to achieve a peak indicated efficiency of 47% and, at the same time, to minimize the engine out emissions. Numerical simulations were intensively exploited to reduce the engine calibration time and to preliminary assess the benefits of the abovementioned technologies. In particular, 3D-CFD simulations highlighted the capabilities of the SwumbleTM intake ports to produce an increase of about 50% of the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), while 1D-CFD models showed possible further enhancements of the brake thermal efficiency through the use of the new turbocharger (+2%) and of an aggressive Millerization of the cycle (+1.1%).Finally, a preliminary experimental campaign, performed on the first engine prototype, confirmed the encouraging results of the simulation activity. With an AFR = 1.43 and an EGR ratio close to 5%, the PHOENICE engine showed a further improvement in the BTE up to 4% and a simultaneous reduction of the NOx emissions of more than 70% in comparison with conventional stoichiometric, undiluted operation.

A Synergic Use of Innovative Technologies for the Next Generation of High Efficiency Internal Combustion Engines for PHEVs: The PHOENICE Project

&lt;div&gt;The use of data-driven algorithms for the integration or substitution of current production sensors is becoming a consolidated trend in research and development in the automotive field. Due to the large number of variables and scenarios to consider; however, it is of paramount importance to define a consistent methodology accounting for uncertainty evaluations and preprocessing steps, that are often overlooked in naïve implementations. Among the potential applications, the use of virtual sensors for the analysis of solid emissions in transient cycles is particularly appealing for industrial applications, considering the new legislations scenario and the fact that, to our best knowledge, no robust models have been previously developed. In the present work, the authors present a detailed overview of the problematics arising in the development of a virtual sensor, with particular focus on the transient particulate number (diameter &amp;lt;10 nm) emissions, overcome by leveraging data-driven algorithms and a profound knowledge of the underlying physical limitations. The workflow has been tested and validated using a complete dataset composed of more than 30 full driving cycles obtained from industrial experimentations, underlying the importance of each step and its possible variations. The final results show that a reliable model for transient particulate number emissions is possible and the accuracy reached is compatible with the intrinsic cycle to cycle variability of the phenomenon, while ensuring control over the quality of the predicted values, in order to provide valuable insight for the actions to perform.&lt;/div&gt; 

Artificial Intelligence Strategies for the Development of Robust
 Virtual Sensors: An Industrial Case for Transient Particle Emissions in a
 High-Performance Engine

A European Regulatory Perspective towards a Euro 7 Proposal

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Jon Andersson

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

A European Regulatory Perspective towards a Euro 7 Proposal