Recently, the world witnessed a significant increase in the number of used drones, with a global and continuous rise in the demand for their multi-purpose applications. The pervasive aspect of these drones is due to their ability to answer people’s needs. Drones are providing users with a bird’s eye that can be activated and used almost anywhere and at any time. However, recently, the malicious use of drones began to emerge among criminals and cyber-criminals alike. The probability and frequency of these attacks are both high and their impact can be very dangerous with devastating effects. Therefore, the need for detective, protective and preventive counter-measures is highly required. The aim of this survey is to investigate the emerging threats of using drones in cyber-attacks, along the countermeasures to thwart these attacks. The different uses of drones for malicious purposes are also reviewed, along the possible detection methods. As such, this paper analyzes the exploitation of drones vulnerabilities within communication links, as well as smart devices and hardware, including smart-phones and tablets. Moreover, this paper presents a detailed review on the drone/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) usage in multiple domains (i.e civilian, military, terrorism, etc.) and for different purposes. A realistic attack scenario is also presented, which details how the authors performed a simulated attack on a given drone following the hacking cycle. This review would greatly help ethical hackers to understand the existing vulnerabilities of UAVs in both military and civilian domains. Moreover, it allows them to adopt and come up with new techniques and technologies for enhanced UAV attack detection and protection. As a result, various civilian and military anti-drones/UAVs (detective and preventive) countermeasures will be reviewed.

Security analysis of drones systems: Attacks, limitations, and recommendations

: America's preeminent ground combat capability is the result of the Big Five acquisition that produced the Abrams main battle tank, the Bradley fighting vehicle, the Apache attack helicopter, the Black Hawk utility helicopter, and the Patriot air defense missile system. The battle-proven capability of the Big Five systems -- the mainstay of the Army's combat formations today -- demonstrates the success of these programs, both individually and collectively. Clearly, the Big Five acquisition is perceived as the gold standard. Like most legends, the legend of the Big Five has its roots in actual events but also grows grander as memories of missteps, challenges, and problems fade in light of the final successes that continue to appear and reinforce their greatness. An examination of these programs demonstrates that while unequivocally successful in the end, each program would not have been described as successful at some point in its acquisition. They all had to overcome major challenges and morph into what we know them as today. The salient points are then passed through the filter of environmental changes (threat, fiscal, industry, process, leadership, etc.) over the past decades to produce lessons learned and recommendations for current and future acquisitions.

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Big Five Lessons for Today and Tomorrow

....................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv Table of

/pdf/origins-of-adaptation-cultural-emergence-in-the-us-army-1970-2wp3ere5pg.pdf

Origins of adaptation: cultural emergence in the US Army, 1970-1991

: Science and technology policy continues to be limited by how little is known about the drivers of innovation. One barrier in conducting systematic studies is the lack of an objective measure for innovation. Patents continue to be an attractive measurement tool, but many questions remain about their comprehensiveness, relevance in different domains, and accuracy given the highly skew med distributions seen in different estimates of patent value. This study develops a new approach to measuring research and innovation performance using patents by examining the trends in patent filings over time within organizations and within technology classes. Within any single organization's patent portfolio, the sequence of patent filings over time in any given class tends to follow one of four patterns. These within-organization, within-class patterns are potentially signatures of specific research and commercialization approaches which have innovative connotations. This study develops several hypotheses regarding the organizational drivers of these patenting patterns and, using data from the DOD laboratories demonstrates how these patenting patterns can be used to study the relationships between the rate and type of innovation and various quantitative and qualitative organizational characteristics.

/pdf/patterns-of-creation-and-discovery-an-analysis-of-defense-2k13web7n9.pdf

Patterns of creation and discovery an analysis of defense laboratory patenting and innovation

The central objective of this thesis is to examine how the Canadian government can make decisions that will provide the government with a defence procurement process better suited to the current defence environment—which places timeliness of response to changing operational requirements at a premium. Although extensive research has described the scope and depth of shortcomings in the defence procurement process, recommendations for change have not been translated into effective and comprehensive solutions. Unproductive attempts in recent decades to reform the defence procurement process have resulted from an overwhelming institutional focus on an outdated Cold War procurement paradigm, and continuing institutional limitations in procurement flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness. This thesis argues that reform of the defence procurement process in Canada needs to be policy-driven. The failure of the government to adequately reform defence procurement ref lects the inability to obtain congruence of goals and objectives among participants in that process. The previous strategy of Western threat containment has A Publication of the Defense Acquisition University http://www.dau.mil

Using Analytical Hierarchy and Analytical Network Processes to Create Cyber Security Metrics

: This paper seeks to identify the Critical Technology Events (CTEs) in the development of the Stinger and the Javelin missiles. CTEs are ideas, concepts, models, and analyses, including key technical and managerial decisions, that have had major impacts on the development of a specific weapons system. It is the third paper in a series that examines key factors that have led to meaningful technology generation and ultimate incorporation into current U.S. Army weapons systems. The first papers in the series focused on the Abrams tank and the Apache helicopter. This paper turns to two technologically advanced infantry weapons: the Stinger and the Javelin. These armaments have different roles in the arsenal, but they are both man-portable, fire-and-forget missiles whose development posed some unique challenges. A fourth and final paper in the series will summarize the findings of these three reports and offer recommendations for managing the Army's Science & Technology portfolio. The authors begin their study of the development of these two missile systems by briefly reviewing a project that served as a source of inspiration for these efforts: Project Hindsight, a 1969 Defense Department (DoD) report. Hindsight was an in-depth study sponsored by the Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) that provided some insights into the development of approximately 20 weapons systems. This review of Hindsight is followed by a description of the methodology that they used to gather key data on the development of the Stinger and the Javelin. Then, for each missile, they first present a brief description of the system and history of the program. The information that they have gathered is then broken out by major technical development areas (i.e., seeker, guidance/control, propulsion/warhead) and presented in terms of CTEs. The final portion of the paper presents findings and concluding remarks that draw on the CTEs in the development of both missiles.

/pdf/critical-technology-events-in-the-development-of-the-stinger-1e7qd32vfk.pdf

Critical Technology Events in the Development of the Stinger and Javelin Missile Systems: Project Hindsight Revisited

: In a previous study on technology for stabilization and reconstructions operations, hereafter SRO(I), the authors evaluated current stabilization and reconstruction (S&R) operations requirements and identified for Dr. Tom Killion, the Army Science and Technology (S&T) Executive, areas in which Army capabilities could be improved with advanced technologies. Stabilization and reconstruction operations establish, retain, and exploit security and control over areas, populations, and resources to employ military capabilities to restore essential services and facilitate the reestablishment of civil order and authority. They involve both coercive and cooperative actions and occur before, during, and after offensive and defensive operations.

/pdf/a-further-look-at-technologies-and-capabilities-for-14ko8pzbot.pdf

A Further Look at Technologies and Capabilities for Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations

: Understanding past military technological successes is crucial to defense science and technology investment and management. This study is the second in a series that examines some of the key factors that have led to meaningful technology generation and ultimate incorporation into the U.S. Army weapons systems we see in the field today. The first report covered the development of the Abrams tank.1 Analysis of the development of the Javelin and Stinger missiles will follow. The results of all studies will be compiled in a wrap-up report that will include a look at the implications of the findings for today's science and technology environment.

Critical Technology Events in the Development of the Apache Helicopter: Project Hindsight Revisited

: We begin the paper by briefly reviewing a project that served as a source of inspiration for this study: Project Hindsight, a 1969 Defense Department (DOD) report. Hindsight was an in-depth study sponsored by the Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDRE armor and other survivability related subjects; engine and drive system; vetronics, C4ISR and fire control) and presented in terms of critical technology events (CTEs). CTEs are ideas, concepts, models, and analyses, including key technical and managerial decisions, that have had a major impact on the development of a specific weapons system. CTEs can occur at any point in the system's life cycle, from basic research, to advanced development, to testing and evaluation, to product improvements. CTEs can even relate to concepts that were developed but ultimately not incorporated into the weapons system. Also, CTEs can originate anywhere, from in-house laboratories, to private industry, to academia. The final portion of the paper presents the concluding remarks and findings based on the CTEs that characterize the Abrams tank's development.

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Critical Technology Events in the Development of the Abrams Tank: Project Hindsight Revisited

: This book draws on a series of studies known as Project Hindsight Revisited conducted by the authors at the National Defense University from 2004-2006. The Hindsight Revisited studies examined, in three reports, the development of four current U.S. Army weapons systems: the Abrams main battle tank, the Apache attack helicopter, the Stinger anti-aircraft missile, and the Javelin anti-tank missile. In exploring how these weapons systems were taken from conceptual design to full-scale production, the studies brought to light crucial factors in their successful development. This book pursues significant implications of the studies' findings, with the intention that this analysis and commentary will help the Army's science and technology (S&T) leadership manage the Army S&T portfolio today and tomorrow. The Hindsight Revisited studies addressed the development of the weapons systems in question in terms of Critical Technology Events (CTEs). CTEs, as further explained in Chapters I and II, were those actions and advances that were vital to the capabilities with which a system was ultimately endowed. As such, they provided a way to focus on those factors that were crucial to success, including who performed the development work, who financed it, and what management practices were employed. These CTEs were established after many hours of discussion and extensive correspondence with scientists, engineers, technicians, and managers who were directly involved with the systems' developments. All told, the Hindsight Revisited studies found 135 CTEs for the four systems. Despite the obvious differences in the development stories of such disparate systems as a tank, a helicopter, and two missiles, the research showed some common ingredients of success. Success depended both on having the S&T resources available to conduct the work and on the ability of the parties, principally the Army laboratories and industry, to team and work together.

Enhancing Army S&T: Lessons from Project Hindsight Revisited

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