The Muslim communities that flourished in the ports of southeastern China c. 10th-14th centuries AD were part of a trade diaspora that played a central role in the commercial life of maritime Asia. In contrast to past treatments which portray these communities as essentially static entities, this paper proposes a tripartite periodization. In the first (c. 907-1020), trade and merchants were concentrated in Guangzhou, with frequent tribute missions playing a major role. In the second (1020-1279), maritime trade involved multiple ports and free trade under the supervision of the maritime trade superintendencies, and the Muslim communities became increasingly integrated into the society of southeastern China. In the third period (1279-1368), preferential Mongol policies towards Muslims significantly altered the nature of the communities and their diasporic identity. Les communautes musulmanes qui se sont epanouies dans les ports de la Chine du sud-est des 10th-14th siecles faisaient partie d'une diaspora commerciale qui a joue un role central dans la vie commerciale de l'Asie maritime. Contrairement aux traitements passes qui depeignent ces communautes en tant qu'essentiellement entites statiques, cet article propose un periodization triple. Dans la premiere periode (c. 907-1020), le commerce et les n eacute;gociants ont ete concentres dans Guangzhou, avec des missions frequentes d'hommage jouant un role important. Dans la deuxieme period (1020-1279), le commerce maritime a impliqueles ports multiples et le libre echange, quoique sous la surveillance des surintendances du commerce maritime, et les communautes musulmanes est devenu de plus en plus integre dans la societe de la Chine du sud-est. Dans la troisieme periode (1279-1368), les politiques mongoliennes preferentielles envers des musulmans ont changede maniere signi fi cative la nature des communautes et de leur identite diasporic.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25165167.pdf

"Diasporic Identities in the Historical Development of the Maritime Muslim Communities of Song-yuan China"

Shen-tsung’s Reign and the New Policies of Wang An-shih, 1067–1085

The Southern Kingdoms between the T’ang and the Sung, 907–979

The Five Dynasties

Chao Kou (1107–87), known by his posthumous temple name as Kao-tsung (r. 1127–62), was the ninth son of Emperor Hui-tsung (r. 1100–26) and a younger brother of Emperor Ch’in-tsung (r. 1126–7). Kao-tsung was the emperor who led the restoration of the Sung dynasty and inaugurated what is known as the Southern Sung dynasty (1127–1279). Resisting the Chin dynasty’s attempts at further conquest, the Southern Sung dynasty lasted more than one hundred and fifty years and enjoyed decades of economic and cultural prosperity. In traditional Chinese historiography the Southern Sung is considered a weak dynasty, humiliated as a vassal state by the Chin (Jurchen) dynasty (1115–1234). Kao-tsung is criticized for being a weak ruler unable to avenge Sung’s humiliation at the hands of Chin and unable to recover the Sung’s former northern territory. Kao-tsung is also criticized because he and his vilified chief councilor, Ch’in Kuei (1090–1155), were responsible for the death of general Yueh Fei (1103–41), who, because of his efforts in resisting Chin, came to be regarded as a “national hero.” Despite these criticisms, Kao-tsung is perhaps better to be remembered as the young emperor who reigned through a period of disastrous military defeats and near-terminal political crises as the Sung dynasty faced oblivion, and yet later oversaw two decades of resistance, stability, and recovery.

The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung (1127–1162)

By the end of the Sung dynasty (960-1279), known descendants of the three Chao brothers who had founded the dynasty numbered over 20,000. Unlike the rulers of many other Chinese dynasties, however, the Sung emperors were not plagued by challenges to their rule from their relatives. So successful was Sung policy on the imperial clan that it would serve as a model for the subsequent Ming and Ch'ing dynasties. How the Sung created a social and political asset in the imperial clan while neutralizing it as a potential threat is the story of this book. This study of the imperial clan as an institution analyzes the history, its political tile and the lifestyle of its members, focusing on their residence patterns, marriages and occupations.

Branches of Heaven: A History of the Imperial Clan of Sung China

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Branches of Heaven: A History of the Imperial Clan of Sung China