It is a privilege to be able to contribute to this volume in which Professor Zervas’ friends, students, and colleagues have joined together to honor him and his remarkable contributions to peptide chemistry. Although I did not know him until after his days in the Bergmann Laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute, I can claim the distinction of now working in those very same rooms that they occupied back in the mid-1930s. Like all peptide chemists, I am greatly indebted to Professor Zervas, having depended so heavily on the carbobenzoxy group and on the various modified urethan protecting groups which have been direct extensions of the revolutionary advance that Bergmann and Zervas made.

Solid-phase peptide synthesis.

This review is aimed to provide a concise yet extensive survey of key short bioactive peptide sequences for a range of applications ranging from biomaterials development to peptides with therapeutic uses. The following are considered: cell adhesion motifs, structural peptides, cell-penetrating and tumor-homing peptides, antimicrobial peptides, peptide hormones, growth factors and matrix metalloprotease substrates, neuropeptides, amyloid peptides, antioxidant peptides, peptide affinity tags, anticancer peptides, and others. This review provides a convenient resource, summarizing a broad range of important sequences with great utility as a resource concerning both small peptide drugs and also novel biofunctional peptide-based materials.

/pdf/small-bioactive-peptides-for-biomaterials-design-and-3aav4xueny.pdf

Small Bioactive Peptides for Biomaterials Design and Therapeutics

Thymopentin in solid lipid nanoparticles

Peptides are a very important biologically active class of naturally occurring compounds, and the number of newly discovered peptides has grown rapidly. The need for a large number of synthetic peptides and peptide analogs has grown even faster, and the most effective preparative methods are essential. This chapter describes solid-phase peptide synthesis. In the original and simplest form, solid-phase peptide synthesis involves a heterogeneous reaction mixture composed of an insoluble resin-bound peptide chain, a soluble activated amino acid derivative, and a solvent. The solid-phase principle for peptide synthesis was conceived and developed for providing a rapid, simplified, and effective way to prepare peptides and small proteins. This chapter focuses on solid supports, methods for attachment and removal of the peptide chain, protecting group schemes, and coupling methods. It also discusses difficult couplings and peptide ligation methods. The chapter also describes special synthetic applications including protein–nucleic acid compounds and the de novo design and synthesis of peptides and proteins.

3 – Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis

Microparticles containing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are receiving increased attention as carriers for the lung delivery of the SLNs. Thus, we aim to prepare the hybrid microparticles and thoroughly evaluate their feasibility for the pulmonary drug delivery. The microparticles were prepared by co-spray-drying the thymopentin (TP5)-loaded SLNs with bulking agents. Thereafter, we systematically estimated the potential of the microparticles as the carriers for the pulmonary delivery of the SLNs, including the investigations of their characteristics, aerodynamic properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The spherical and hollow microparticles presented a size of 4.1 ± 0.1 μm and a low tap density of 0.175 ± 0.02 g/cm3. In addition, the microparticles showed a high aerosolization efficiency (emitted dose of 98.0% ± 1.23% and respirable fraction of 51.07% ± 1.21%). Furthermore, the SLNs could be easily recovered from the microparticles without essential changes on their characteristics and the drug release behavior. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies suggested that, compared to i.v. TP5 solution, the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of TP5 were remarkably strengthened after the pulmonary administration of the microparticles. Taken together, we believe the microparticles were suitable for inhalation and possesed an ample potential for the pulmonary delivery of the SLNs.

Inhalable Microparticles as Carriers for Pulmonary Delivery of Thymopentin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Thymopoietin32--36 (TP5) is a synthetic pentapeptide that has the biological activity of its parent molecule, the 49 amino acid thymic hormone thymopoietin. Tritiated thymopoietin32--36 (3 /-TP5) was prepared by reductive tritiation of dibromotyrosyl-TP5. The stability of 3 H-TP5 in human plasma was studied by analyzing samples by thin-layer chromatography at different time points and quantitating the radioactivity associated with TP5 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) and its tyrosyl-containing breakdown products (Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr, Asp-Val-Tyr, Val-Tyr, Tyr). In plasma (but not in saline) the pentapeptide was rapidly degraded (apparent t1/2 approximately 30 seconds) with the corresponding appearance of radioactivity associated with the other tyrosyl-containing reference compounds. These data imply that the pentapeptide, which is active in vivo, may rapidly trigger changes in responsive cells; sustained circulating levels may not be required for activity.

Short in vitro half‐life of thymopoietin 32–36 pentapeptide in human plasma

Solid-phase synthesis and degradation of a model polypeptide by an automated approach.

Bromperidol radioimmunoassay: Human plasma levels

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Short in vitro half‐life of thymopoietin 32–36 pentapeptide in human plasma

Solid-phase synthesis and degradation of a model polypeptide by an automated approach.

Bromperidol radioimmunoassay: Human plasma levels