Utilizing double-circuit lines may represent a challenge for distance relaying functions owing to the significant impacts of the mutual coupling among the adjacent conductors. This paper proposes a new adaptive distance relaying scheme for double-circuit transmission lines using fuzzy logic tuning. The scheme depends on two basic steps. First, the impacts of the mutual coupling of the adjacent conductors on the accuracy of the distance relaying core are minimized based on the decoupling feature of modal transformation. Then, a dedicated online intelligent tuning mechanism is utilized to precisely improve the relay reach. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is employed to realize an optimum design of the aimed tuning mechanism. A thorough investigation of the proposed scheme is performed utilizing a detailed modeling of a typical 400-kV interconnection system with both single- and double-circuit line segments. The electromagnetic transient program (ATP-EMTP) is employed for modeling the considered power system, whereas the protection scheme is constructed and tested using MATLAB. Finally, the performance of the proposed relaying scheme is investigated under different load conditions, various fault types and fault locations to visualize its efficacy precisely. As compared with conventional distance relaying core, the proposed adaptive distance scheme has a precise fault distance estimation with a reach error less than 6% of the total line length. Accordingly, a corrected declaration of the faulted zone is realized along the entire range of the protected line despite the added fault resistance, loading condition and fault type.

Improved Distance Relaying for Double-Circuit Lines Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

Modern traveling wave-based (TW-based) protection solutions for transmission lines have been increasingly adopted in real-world power systems. Among various methods, the Differentiator Smoother (DS) filter is a mature signal processing technique, relying on high-frequency sampled data, and has been used in commercially available TW-based relays. The DS filtering technique extracts the transients, related to fault-induced TWs in the measured currents, which are a superposition of the incident and reflected waves. The magnitude of this transient, which is dependent on the termination characteristics of the transmission line, could be very small, if the termination impedance is significantly higher than the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, potentially resulting in poor accuracy in fault location estimation. In this paper, a study on Transmission Line Protection based on the incident current is presented. Real-time simulations are performed using RTDS® real-time digital simulator to compare the incident current-based method with the existing DS-based solution. The results prove a great potential to incorporate such an incident-current based TW protection solution into commercially available TW-based relays.

A Study on Transmission Line Protection Using Incident Current

Parallel transmission lines are characterized with a significant increase in the mutual coupling effects among the different phases of the coupled line segments raising remarkable errors for impedance-based protection equipment in particular. Owing to these situations, the total line impedance of each phase of the associated line may significantly change resulting from the mutually reflected impedances from the other phases. Thus, double line segments, when combined to single circuit ones, can significantly lead to have a deviated measured fault impedance from those parameters that are adjusted during the relaying setting stage. This may, accordingly, cause remarkable errors for distance protection algorithms in the field leading to unnecessary tripping or delayed fault clearing. In this study, the impact of the combination of single and double overhead line segments on the performance of distance relaying function is thoroughly investigated. This investigation is carried out using the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) using distributed parameter line modeling. The accuracy of the developed simulation is validated as compared with a recorded fault case for a 400 kV combined single/double line from the field. This corroborated the correctness and the accuracy of the constructed model. The relay enabled functions and setting are collected and realized in the MATLAB environment. This research is essential for visualizing the core of the problems of these transmission networks with distance function and can consequently help to realize a practical and reliable distance relaying for such lines.

Field Problems of Distance Relays with Combined Single/Double Circuit Transmission Lines

Library of Advanced Models of large-scale PV (LAMP): Final Technical Report

In order to reduce congestion and increase reliability, Southern California Edison (SCE) set forth to construct a new 500 kV transmission line. Due to right-of-way concerns, SCE needed to install a section of the new line underground, resulting in a combined cable and overhead transmission line. The finished line consists of two overhead sections separated by an underground section. The inclusion of underground cables causes the line to draw significant charging current, resulting in severe overvoltage conditions when the line is open circuited or lightly loaded. The protection package for this transmission line consists of distance protection complemented by a communications-assisted permissive scheme operating in parallel with a line current differential scheme. Because impedance-based fault locating would not be reliable for a line of this structure, we explored the use of a traveling-wave fault locater. To verify the correct operation of the proposed protection and fault locating scheme, the transmission line and its surrounding power system were modeled in a real-time digital simulator. This paper describes how to calculate line impedance and explores impedance-based and traveling-wave fault locating methods. It also discusses the protection challenges associated with operating a double-circuit transmission line as a single circuit and the challenges of a transmission line containing both overhead and underground conductors. Finally, the paper describes using real-time digital simulation to evaluate the performance of the protection system.

Protection challenges for North America's first combined cable/overhead double-circuit 500 kV transmission line with mutual coupling

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Protection challenges for North America's first combined cable/overhead double-circuit 500 kV transmission line with mutual coupling