As economic integration in East Asia progresses, trade patterns within the region are displaying an ever-greater complexity: Though inter -industry trade still accounts for the majority, its share in overall trade is declining. Instead, intra -industry trade (IIT), which can be further divided into horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT), is growing in importance. In this paper, we set out to measure and examine vertical intra-industry trade patterns in the East Asian region and compare these with the results of previous studies focusing on the EU, to which such analyses so far have been confined. Based on the supposition that VIIT is closely related to offshore production by multinational enterprises, we then develop a model to capture the main determinants of VIIT that explicitly includes the role of FDI. The model is tested empirically using data from the electrical machinery industry. The findings support our hypothesis, showing that FDI plays a significant role in the rapid increase in VIIT in East Asia seen in recent years. J. Japanese Int. Economies 17 (4) (2003) 468–506.

https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/03e001.pdf

Vertical intra-industry trade and foreign direct investment in East Asia

Fragmentation and vertical intra-industry trade in East Asia

This paper ties together the macroeconomic and microeconomic evidence on the competitiveness of African manufacturing sectors. The conceptual framework is based on the newer theories that see the evolution of comparative advantage as influenced by the business climate -- a key public good -- and by external economies between clusters of firms entering in related sectors. Macroeconomic data from purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates confirms that Africa is high cost relative to its levels of income and productivity. This finding is compared with firm-level evidence from surveys undertaken for Investment Climate Assessments in 2000-2004. These confirm a pattern of generally low productivity, and also suggest the importance of high indirect costs and business-environment-related losses in depressing the productivity of African firms relative to those in other countries. There are differences between African countries, however, with some showing evidence of a stronger business community and better business climate. Finally, the paper adopts a political-economy perspective on the prospects for reform of Africa's business climate, considering African attitudes to business and the fractured nature of African business sectors as between indigenous, minority and foreign investors. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings for reforms to boost the competitiveness and diversification of African economies.

/pdf/business-environment-and-comparative-advantage-in-africa-583ez4svoi.pdf

Business environment and comparative advantage in Africa: Evidence from the Investment Climate Data

2 Voluntary Export Restraint in U.S. Autos, 198M1: Quality, Employment, and Welfare Effects

This paper examines the theoretical and empirical grounds for trade liberalisation. We note that many of the conventional arguments relating to the static and dynamic gains from liberalisation are based on fragile theoretical grounds. We also show that, although new trade theory takes account of some of the complexities of international trade and although the analytical thrust of many models justifies intervention, such policy conclusions are rejected even by those at the forefront of these theories on the grounds of political economy arguments which do not stand up to careful scrutiny. Finally, we show that arguments favouring trade liberalisation are not supported by existing empirical research, which generally fails to capture the complex and ambiguous effects of liberalisation and openness. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.

/pdf/new-trade-theory-versus-old-trade-policy-a-continuing-enigma-24k5spwmx5.pdf

New Trade Theory Versus Old Trade Policy: A Continuing Enigma

This paper examines the relationship between per capita GDP differences and bilateral intraindustry trade shares. The relationship is negative in OLS regressions but positive in fixed-effect regressions, and evidence is presented suggesting this is due to the presence of vertically differentiated trade. The paper begins by distinguishing between vertically and horizontally differentiated trade, and then finds a positive and significant relationship between GDP per capita differences and the trade shares only in the regressions on the vertically differentiated trade shares. It is shown also that the extent to which income distributions overlap affects only the share of vertically differentiated trade.

Differences in GDP Per Capita and the Share of Intraindustry Trade: The Role of Vertically Differentiated Trade

This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.

Immigration, assimilation and growth.

This paper analyzes a dynamic Ricardian model of international trade in which relative differences in technology are endogenously determined by investments in innovation by competitive firms. It considers the impact of these investments on trade patterns and the effect of trade patterns on rates of innovation and growth. The main result is that the dynamic effects of trade need not be positive when both countries specialize investments in the goods in which they have a comparitive advantage. In addition, trade can lead to an inefficient pattern of specialization in innovation and have negative welfare effects.

Perfect Competition and Endogenous Comparitive Advantage

This paper empirically investigates one aspect of the vertically differentiated models of intraindustry trade. These models predict that the pattern of trade within an industry is based on comparative advantage rather than being completely random. An empirical model is specified in which the relative quality of two countries bilateral exports within an industry depends on the relative differences in unit labor requirements. Using a variety of econometric methods, the results suggest that the quality of US manufacturing exports to the UK, Japan and Germany relative to its imports from these countries is positively and significantly related to the relative differences in value added per worker.

Comparative Advantage and the Pattern of Trade Within Industries

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