Living in an oxygenated environment has required the evolution of effective cellular strategies to detect and detoxify metabolites of molecular oxygen known as reactive oxygen species. Here we review evidence that the appropriate and inappropriate production of oxidants, together with the ability of organisms to respond to oxidative stress, is intricately connected to ageing and life span.

Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing.

Diabetes-specific microvascular disease is a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and nerve damage, and diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and limb amputation. Four main molecular mechanisms have been implicated in glucose-mediated vascular damage. All seem to reflect a single hyperglycaemia-induced process of overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. This integrating paradigm provides a new conceptual framework for future research and drug discovery.

http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Chem454/BiochemDiabetes.pdf

Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications

Cause, conseguenze e strategie di mitigazione Proponiamo il primo di una serie di articoli in cui affronteremo l’attuale problema dei mutamenti climatici. Presentiamo il documento redatto, votato e pubblicato dall’Ipcc - Comitato intergovernativo sui cambiamenti climatici - che illustra la sintesi delle ricerche svolte su questo tema rilevante.

/pdf/climate-change-2007-the-physical-science-basis-1x93ttz9jt.pdf

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

Coral reefs drilled offshore of Barbados provide the first continuous and detailed record of sea level change during the last deglaciation. The sea level was 121 ± 5 metres below present level during the last glacial maximum. The deglacial sea level rise was not monotonic; rather, it was marked by two intervals of rapid rise. Varying rates of melt-water discharge to the North Atlantic surface ocean dramatically affected North Atlantic deep-water production and oceanic oxygen isotope chemistry. A global oxygen isotope record for ocean water has been calculated from the Barbados sea level curve, allowing separation of the ice volume component common to all oxygen isotope records measured in deep-sea cores.

A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation

We used 5704 14C, 10Be, and 3He ages that span the interval from 10,000 to 50,000 years ago (10 to 50 ka) to constrain the timing of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in terms of global ice-sheet and mountain-glacier extent. Growth of the ice sheets to their maximum positions occurred between 33.0 and 26.5 ka in response to climate forcing from decreases in northern summer insolation, tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, and atmospheric CO2. Nearly all ice sheets were at their LGM positions from 26.5 ka to 19 to 20 ka, corresponding to minima in these forcings. The onset of Northern Hemisphere deglaciation 19 to 20 ka was induced by an increase in northern summer insolation, providing the source for an abrupt rise in sea level. The onset of deglaciation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet occurred between 14 and 15 ka, consistent with evidence that this was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level ~14.5 ka.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/325/5941/710.full.pdf

The Last Glacial Maximum.

Although major progress has been made in several research topics on the Laurentide Ice Sheet, there are still substantial problems that require investigation over the next decade. Of particular importance will be the active participation between modelers and those who provide the "ground truth". Although individual reconstructions of the ice sheet, based on glacial isostasy, glaciology, climatology, and glacial geology, will continue to be developed and refined the next important step should be the development of an integrated climate/glaciology/isostatic ice sheet reconstruction that will serve to provide a holistic series of predictions about glacial, glacial marine, and periglacial landforms, sediments, and chronologies. These predictions can then serve as the basis for guiding field programs to examine bedforms and sediments associated with this ice sheet. This program of model reconstruction and verification will require a more complete understanding of glacial depositional processes than is currently available and, in addition, will be heavily dependant on a detailed dating program to improve our knowledge of the chronology of events.

/pdf/postface-the-laurentide-ice-sheet-research-problems-4bgqesmur6.pdf

Postface : The Laurentide Ice Sheet : Research Problems

RESUME

Twidale a decrit un systeme de vallees en forme d'alcoves situees le long de l'escarpement occidental du Dolly Ridge, a trois milles a l'Est de Schefferville, dans la Labrador central. Selon lui, ces vallees resulteraient d'un elargissement de certaines lignes structurales de moindre resistance, a la suite de gels et degels successifs de l'eau emmagasinee dans les joints et les crevasses. Les materiaux ainsi liberes auraient eteevacues par solifluction. Ces vallees furent appelees vallons de gelivation .



On en fit de nouveau l'examen au cours du printemps et au debut de l'ete 1960. On mesura avec precision l'ampleur des fluctuations de temperature le long de la ligne de demarcation entre le roc et la neige, dans le but de mettre l'hypothese enoncee plus haut a l'epreuve, et on fit le relevea la planchette de toute cette serie de vallees, de facon a pouvoir comparer plus facilement leurs formes.



Ces vallees resultent essentiellement de l'action des eaux de fonte sous la masse de glace aux derniers stages de la presence de cette derniere dans la region de Schefferville.



A l'appui de cette these, l'auteur decrit d'autres formes de relief similaires observees dans la meme region. En plus de cet argument morphologique qu'il oppose a l'hypothese de Twidale, il met en doute la validite des procedes de genese par lesquels ce dernier explique la formation de ces vallees, et il affirme qu'on a tendance a exagerer l'mportance du role de l'erosion mecanique dans le Labrador central.

“vallons de gelivation” in central labrador‐ungava: a reappraisal*

A Discussion of Atmospheric Circulation During the Last Ice Age

: The purpose of the research discussed in this report was to attempt an integrated analysis of the past and present climates of the northern Cumberland Peninsula region with specific attention focused on the links between glacier distribution and fluctuations and the climate. The final objective of the research is to attempt to model the paleoclimate of the region during the late Quaternary.

Present and Paleo-Climatic Influences on the Glacierization and Deglacierization of Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada.

Patterns of glacial erosion and deposition around Cumberland Sound, Frobisher Bay and Hudson Strait, and the location of ice streams in the Eastern Canadian Arctic

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