Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products.

We have previously shown that 207-nm ultraviolet (UV) light has similar antimicrobial properties as typical germicidal UV light (254 nm), but without inducing mammalian skin damage. The biophysical rationale is based on the limited penetration distance of 207-nm light in biological samples (e.g. stratum corneum) compared with that of 254-nm light. Here we extended our previous studies to 222-nm light and tested the hypothesis that there exists a narrow wavelength window in the far-UVC region, from around 200–222 nm, which is significantly harmful to bacteria, but without damaging cells in tissues. We used a krypton-chlorine (Kr-Cl) excimer lamp that produces 222-nm UV light with a bandpass filter to remove the lower- and higher-wavelength components. Relative to respective controls, we measured: 1. in vitro killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a function of UV fluence; 2. yields of the main UV-associated premutagenic DNA lesions (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoprodu...

https://bioone.org/journals/radiation-research/volume-187/issue-4/RR0010CC.1/Germicidal-Efficacy-and-Mammalian-Skin-Safety-of-222-nm-UV/10.1667/RR0010CC.1.pdf

Germicidal Efficacy and Mammalian Skin Safety of 222-nm UV Light.

The use of skin models in drug development.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jps.21088

Alternative methods for eye and skin irritation tests: an overview.

The authors would like to acknowledge to European Union for the financial support under the scope of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the projects 0687_NOVOMAR_1_P (POCTEP (Programa Operacional de Cooperacao Transfronteirica Espana-Portugal) 2007/2013) and 0302_CVMAR_I_1_P (POCTEP 2014/2020) and the Structured Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000021 (Norte2020) and under the scope of the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) through grant agreement ERC-2012-ADG 20120216-321266 (ERC Advanced Grant ComplexiTE). The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology is also acknowledged for the grant of A.L.A (Ana Luisa Alves.) under Doctoral Programme Do* Mar (PD/BD/127995/2016).

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/51397/1/19378-cosmetics-04-00039.pdf

Cosmetic Potential of Marine Fish Skin Collagen

The EpiDerm Skin Irritation test (EpiDerm SIT) was developed (1,2,3) and validated (4,5) for in vitro skin irritation testing of chemicals, including cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients. The EpiDerm SIT utilizes the 3D in vitro reconstructed human epidermal (RHE) model EpiDerm. The procedure described in this protocol allows for discrimination between irritants of GHS category 2 and non-irritants (6). The test is performed over the course of a 4 day time period, consisting of pre-incubation, 60 minute exposure, 42 hour post-incubation and MTT viability assay. After tissue receipt and overnight pre-incubation (Day 0), tissues are topically exposed to the test chemicals (Day 1), which can be liquid, semi-solids, solid or wax. Three tissues are used for each test chemical, as well as for the positive control (5% aq. SDS solution), and a negative control (DPBS). Chemical exposure lasts for 60 minutes, 35 min of which the tissues are kept in an incubator at 37°C. The test substances are then removed from the tissue surface by an extensive washing procedure. The tissue inserts are blotted and transferred to fresh medium. After a 24 hr incubation period (Day 2), the medium is exchanged. The medium can be saved for further analysis of cytokines or other endpoints of interest. After the medium exchange, tissues are incubated for an additional 18 hours. At the end of the entire 42h post-incubation (day 3), the tissues are transferred into yellow MTT solution and incubated for 3 hours. The resultant purple-blue formazan salt, formed mainly by mitochondrial metabolism, is extracted for 2 hours using isopropanol. The optical density of the extracted formazan is determined using a spectrophotometer. A chemical is classified as an irritant if the tissue viability relative to the negative control treated tissues is reduced below 50%. This procedure can be used as full replacement of the in vivo rabbit skin irritation test for hazard identification and labeling of chemicals in line with EU regulations (7).

https://www.jove.com/pdf/1366/jove-protocol-1366-an-vitro-skin-irritation-test-sit-using-epiderm-reconstructed-human

An in vitro skin irritation test (SIT) using the EpiDerm reconstructed human epidermal (RHE) model.

Unlike previous dermal-epidermal models, Full Thickness EpiDerm is cultured in an easily manipulated cell culture insert, and the tissue extends from wall to wall. In terms of ease of use, these characteristics greatly facilitate the testing of potential allergens or irritants in that direct topical application is possible. Topical exposure to the common surfactant, 1% Triton X-100, resulted in MTT tissue viability dose-response curves that fell within the normal range of the keratinocyte-only tissue, EpiDerm. Currently, in order to produce a standardised, reproducible organotypic tissue, all lots of EpiDerm are compared to a reference database of effective time-50 (ET-50) values, i.e. the time of exposure after which viability is reduced to 50% following exposure to 100 microl of Triton X-100. The database average (184 tissue lots) is 6.74 +/- 0.99 hours (+/- 1 SD); initial lots of the full thickness tissue, tested in an identical manner, averaged 7.79 +/- 1.24 hours (n = 11). Histological cross-sections of the full thickness tissue showed an epidermal layer that is very similar to EpiDerm and native epidermis on a fibroblast-containing collagen matrix dermis-like layer. Irradiation of the tissue with ultraviolet light induced an increase in collagenase (MMP-1) release. Based on these initial results, investigation of the tissue response to stimuli specifically affecting the dermis or epidermal/dermal "cross-talk" will probably prove informative.

Full Thickness EpiDerm: a dermal-epidermal skin model to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.

163 Evaluating the ocular irritation potential of 54 test articles using the epiocular™ human tissue construct model (OCL-200)

158 Epiderm™ full thickness (epiderm-FT), a dermal-epidermal skin model with a fully developed basement membrane

In vitro skin irritation test: Increasing the sensitivity of the EpiDerm skin irritation protocol evaluated in the ECVAM skin irritation validation study

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