Users are susceptible to password guessing attacks when they create weak passwords. Despite an abundance of text-based password advice, it appears insufficient to help home users create strong memorable passwords. We propose that users would be empowered to make better password choices if they understood how password guessing attacks work through visual communication. We created three infographic posters and an online educational comic to help users to learn about the threats. We conducted two studies to assess their effectiveness. All four methods led to superior learning outcomes than the text-alone approach. Our pre-test questionnaires also highlighted that users' understanding of password guessing attacks is limited to a “target” mental model. One week after viewing our materials, the majority of users created strong sample passwords, and correctly described all three attacks: targeted, dictionary, and brute-force.

Password advice shouldn't be boring: Visualizing password guessing attacks

This paper suggests a method for refining a massive amount of collective intelligence data and visualizing it with a multilevel sentiment network in order to understand the relevant information in an intuitive and semantic way. This semantic interpretation method minimizes network learning in the system as a fixed network topology only exists as a guideline to help users understand. Furthermore, it does not need to discover every single node to understand the characteristics of each clustering within the network. After extracting and analyzing the sentiment words from the movie review data, we designed a movie network based on the similarities between the words. The network formed in this way will appear as a multilevel sentiment network visualization after the following three steps: (1) design a heatmap visualization to effectively discover the main emotions on each movie review; (2) create a two-dimensional multidimensional scaling (MDS) map of semantic word data to facilitate semantic understanding of network and then fix the movie network topology on the map; (3) create an asterism graphic with emotions to allow users to easily interpret node groups with similar sentiment words. The research also presents a virtual scenario about how our network visualization can be used as a movie recommendation system. We next evaluated our progress to determine whether it would improve user cognition for multilevel analysis experience compared to the existing network system. Results showed that our method provided improved user experience in terms of cognition. Thus, it is appropriate as an alternative method for semantic understanding.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/12/2419/pdf

An Improved Study of Multilevel Semantic Network Visualization for Analyzing Sentiment Word of Movie Review Data

Glyph-based visualization achieves an impressive graphic design when associated with comprehensive visual metaphors, which help audiences effectively grasp the conveyed information through revealing data semantics. However, creating such metaphoric glyph-based visualization (MGV) is not an easy task, as it requires not only a deep understanding of data but also professional design skills. This paper proposes MetaGlyph, an automatic system for generating MGVs from a spreadsheet. To develop MetaGlyph, we first conduct a qualitative analysis to understand the design of current MGVs from the perspectives of metaphor embodiment and glyph design. Based on the results, we introduce a novel framework for generating MGVs by metaphoric image selection and an MGV construction. Specifically, MetaGlyph automatically selects metaphors with corresponding images from online resources based on the input data semantics. We then integrate a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm that explores the design of an MGV by associating visual elements with data dimensions given the data importance, semantic relevance, and glyph non-overlap. The system also provides editing feedback that allows users to customize the MGVs according to their design preferences. We demonstrate the use of MetaGlyph through a set of examples, one usage scenario, and validate its effectiveness through a series of expert interviews. 

/pdf/metaglyph-automatic-generation-of-metaphoric-glyph-based-1omfez7l.pdf

MetaGlyph: Automatic Generation of Metaphoric Glyph-based Visualization

Many metaphors in language reflect conceptual metaphors that structure thought. In line with metaphorical expressions such as 'high number', experiments show that people associate larger numbers with upward space. Consistent with this metaphor, high numbers are conventionally depicted in high positions on the y-axis of line graphs. People also associate good and bad (emotional valence) with upward and downward locations, in line with metaphorical expressions such as 'uplifting' and 'down in the dumps'. Graphs depicting good quantities (e.g., vacation days) are consistent with graphical convention and the valence metaphor, because ‘more’ of the good quantity is represented by higher y-axis positions. In contrast, graphs depicting bad quantities (e.g., murders) are consistent with graphical convention, but not the valence metaphor, because more of the bad quantity is represented by higher (rather than lower) y-axis positions. We conducted two experiments (N = 300 per experiment) where participants answered questions about line graphs depicting good and bad quantities. For some graphs, we inverted the conventional axis ordering of numbers. Line graphs that aligned (vs misaligned) with valence metaphors (up = good) were easier to interpret, but this beneficial effect did not outweigh the adverse effect of inverting the axis numbering. Line graphs depicting good (vs bad) quantities were easier to interpret, as were graphs that depicted quantity using the x-axis (vs y-axis). Our results suggest that conceptual metaphors matter for the interpretation of line graphs. However, designers of line graphs are warned against subverting graphical convention to align with conceptual metaphors.

Conceptual metaphor and graphical convention influence the interpretation of line graphs.

One important intention of human-centered information visualization is to represent huge amounts of abstract data in a visual representation that allows even users from foreign application domains to interact with the visualization, to understand the underlying data, and finally, to gain new, application-related knowledge. The Visualization will help experts as well as non-experts to link previously or isolated knowledge-items in their mental map with new insights. Our approach explicitly supports the process of linking knowledge-items with three concepts. At first, the representation of data items in an ontology categorizes and relates them. Secondly, the use of various visualization techniques visually correlates isolated items by graph-structures, layout, attachment, integration or hyperlink techniques. Thirdly, the intensive use of Visual metaphors relates a known source domain to a less known target domain. In order to realize a scenario of these concepts, we developed a visual interface for non-experts to maintain complex wastewater treatment plants. This domain-specific application is used to give our concepts a meaningful background.

/pdf/knowledge-generation-through-human-centered-information-4oma7v6v46.pdf

Knowledge generation through human-centered information visualization

The concept of metaphor, in particular graphical (or visual) metaphor, is central to the field of information visualization. Information graphics and interactive information visualization systems employ a variety of metaphorical devices to make abstract, complex, voluminous, or otherwise difficult-to-comprehend information understandable in graphical terms. This paper explores the use of metaphor in information visualization, advancing the theory previously argued by Johnson, Lakoff, Tversky et al. that many information graphics are metaphorically understood in terms of cognitively entrenched spatial patterns known as image schemas. These patterns serve to structure and constrain abstract reasoning processes via metaphorical projection operations that are grounded in everyday perceptual experiences with phenomena such as containment, movement, and force dynamics. Building on previous research, I argue that information graphics promote comprehension of their target information through the use of graphical patterns that invoke these preexisting schematic structures. I further theorize that the degree of structural alignment of a particular graphic with one or more corresponding image schemas accounts for its perceived degree of intuitiveness. Accordingly, image schema theory can provide a powerful explanatory and predictive framework for visualization research. I review relevant theories of analogy and metaphor, and discuss the image schematic properties of several common types of information graphic. I conclude with the proposal that the inventory of image schemas culled from linguistic studies can serve as the basis for an inventory of design elements suitable for developing intuitive and effective new information visualization techniques.

On the role of metaphor in information visualization

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On the role of metaphor in information visualization