https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~illah/PAPERS/socialroboticssurvey.pdf

A survey of socially interactive robots

Shared decision-making is increasingly advocated as an ideal model of treatment decision-making in the medical encounter. To date, the concept has been rather poorly and loosely defined. This paper attempts to provide greater conceptual clarity about shared treatment decision-making, identify some key characteristics of this model, and discuss measurement issues. The particular decision-making context that we focus on is potentially life threatening illnesses, where there are important decisions to be made at key points in the disease process, and several treatment options exist with different possible outcomes and substantial uncertainty. We suggest as key characteristics of shared decision-making (1) that at least two participants-physician and patient be involved; (2) that both parties share information; (3) that both parties take steps to build a consensus about the preferred treatment; and (4) that an agreement is reached on the treatment to implement. Some challenges to measuring shared decision-making are discussed as well as potential benefits of a shared decision-making model for both physicians and patients.

Shared Decision-making in the Medical Encounter: What Does It Mean? (Or, It Takes at Least Two to Tango)

Introduction to Phenomenology

/pdf/enhancing-our-lives-with-immersive-virtual-reality-496gj7y20r.pdf

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology

Background: The talk of persons with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) often features distinctive forms of repetition (echophenomena). Although often characterized as meaningless or inappropriate, there is evidence that such practices can sometimes have communicative functions.Aims: To investigate the interactional organization of repetition practices found in the talk of an adolescent girl with an ASD.Methods & Procedures: As part of a project examining the interactional practices of children with ASD, we video‐recorded 6 hours of activity in a school classroom for severe learning difficulty (SLD) children. This paper considers instances of repeated talk produced by a class pupil, ‘Helen’. The analysis involved assembling a collection of examples of the repeated talk which were then transcribed in detail. Conversation Analysis was used to explore the sequential contexts in which they occur and precisely how they are produced.Outcomes & Results: Two forms of repetition occur very frequently in Helen's tal...

Two Forms Of Spoken Repetition In A Girl With Autism

This chapter discusses two analysis techniques that are bei ng used in order to study how children with autism interact with an autonomous, mobile and ‘social’ robot in a social setting that also involves adults. A quanti t tive technique based on micro-behaviours is outlined. The second technique, Con versation Analysis, provides a qualitative and more detailed investigation of t he sequential order, local context and social situatedness of interaction and co mmunication competencies of children with autism. Preliminary results indic ate the facilitating role of the robot and its potential to be used in autism therapy. 1. The Aurora Project Computers, virtual environments and robots (e.g. [15], [9] ) are increasingly used as interactive learning environments in autism therap y. Since 1998 the Aurora project has studied the development of a mobile, auto nomous and ‘social robot’ as a therapeutic tool for children with autism, s ee e.g. [1] for more background information. Here, the context in which robot-h uman interactions occur is deliberately playful and ‘social’ (involving adul ts). In a series of trials with 8-12 year-old autistic children we established tha t generally children with autism enjoy interacting with the robotic toy, and show more engaging behaviour when playing with the robot as opposed to a non-int erac ive toy [16], [17]. Also, the role of the robot as a social mediator wa s investigated in trials with pairs of autistic children. Results showed a s pectrum of social and non-social play and communication that occurred in robo t-child and child-

Robotic Playmates: Analysing Interactive Competencies of Children with Autism Playing with a Mobile Robot

The success of visual telecommunication systems depends on their ability to transmit and display users' natural nonverbal behavior. While video-mediated communication (VMC) is the most widely used form of interpersonal remote interaction, avatar-mediated communication (AMC) in shared virtual environments is increasingly common. This paper presents two experiments investigating eye tracking in AMC. The first experiment compares the degree of social presence experienced in AMC and VMC during truthful and deceptive discourse. Eye tracking data (gaze, blinking, and pupil size) demonstrates that oculesic behavior is similar in both mediation types, and uncovers systematic differences between truth telling and lying. Subjective measures show users' psychological arousal to be greater in VMC than AMC. The second experiment demonstrates that observers of AMC can more accurately detect truth and deception when viewing avatars with added oculesic behavior driven by eye tracking. We discuss implications for the design of future visual telecommunication media interfaces.

Lie tracking: social presence, truth and deception in avatar-mediated telecommunication

Goffman (1981) introduced the terms participation status and participation framework to differentiate how people involved in an interactional setting participate in that setting. In this article, I examine a particular work context in which participants in an interaction reorganize their participation such that, although remaining physically copresent, one of them makes or receives telephone calls to or from a non-copresent party. I show how this is a major site of body movement, including synchronous postural change (Kendon, 1990) before and after the call, and I examine the participants' vocal and nonvocal resources for entry into involvement with the phone call. Examination of these resources leads to a critical assessment of the concept of participation frameworks.

Organizing Participation in Interaction: Doing Participation Framework

For efficient collaboration between participants, eye gaze is seen as being critical for interaction. Video conferencing either does not attempt to support eye gaze (e.g. AcessGrid) or only approximates it in round table conditions (e.g. life size telepresence). Immersive collaborative virtual environments represent remote participants through avatars that follow their tracked movements. By additionally tracking people's eyes and representing their movement on their avatars, the line of gaze can be faithfully reproduced, as opposed to approximated. This paper presents the results of initial work that tested if the focus of gaze could be more accurately gauged if tracked eye movement was added to that of the head of an avatar observed in an immersive VE. An experiment was conducted to assess the difference between user's abilities to judge what objects an avatar is looking at with only head movements being displayed, while the eyes remained static, and with eye gaze and head movement information being displayed. The results from the experiment show that eye gaze is of vital importance to the subjects correctly identifying what a person is looking at in an immersive virtual environment. This is followed by a description of the work that is now being undertaken following the positive results from the experiment. We discuss the integration of an eye tracker more suitable for immersive mobile use and the software and techniques that were developed to integrate the user's real-world eye movements into calibrated eye gaze in an immersive virtual world. This is to be used in the creation of an immersive collaborative virtual environment supporting eye gaze and its ongoing experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Eye gaze in virtual environments: evaluating the need and initial work on implementation

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