The study was carried out to assess the determinants of household food security among rural households in Sekyere-Afram Plains District of Ghana Data were collected from 100 randomly selected households through the use of structured questionnaires Analytical techniques employed included descriptive statistics to analyze the characteristics of respondent households, and logistic regression model to examine the determinants of food security among the households surveyed Among the variables considered in the model, household size, farm size, off-farm income, credit access, and marital status were found to significantly influence household food security Consistent with a priori expectation, larger households were found to be food insecure compared with households with smaller sizes, ceteris paribus Also, consistent with findings from previous empirical studies, farm size, off-farm income and credit access were found to have significant positive effect on household food security The study, therefore, recommended improved access to credit for rural households and diversification of household economic activities to include off-farm income generating businesses to improve food security at the household level

Determinants of household food security in the sekyere-afram plains district of ghana

This paper describes the complete design process of a passive prosthetic foot manufactured of Polylactic acid (PLA) It focuses on the reduction in the weight of prosthetic feet Most of the prosthetic feet are designed with more weight and material than required The structure of this passive prosthetic foot is designed and optimized as light as possible by using topology optimization The topology-optimized model is printed from a Three-dimensional (3D) printer directly rather than interpreting the model using a Computer-aided design (CAD) software The finite element analysis and the experiments are conducted to validate the structure The test equipment is designed and installed for simulating the boundary conditions of the Heel strike (HS) and Toe off (TO) Since the weight of the prosthetic directly affects the mobility of patients, the weight of the proposed model is reduced 62 % when compared initial model to the final model

Design and optimization of prosthetic foot by using polylactic acid 3D printing

A stress test methodology aimed at increasing chances of discovering faults related to network traffic in distributed systems is presented. The technique uses the UML 2.0 model of the distributed system under test, augmented with timing information, and is based on an analysis of the control flow in sequence diagrams. It yields stress test requirements that are made of specific control flow paths along with time values indicating when to trigger them. Different variants of our stress testing technique already exist (they stress different aspects of a distributed system) and we focus here on one variant that is designed to identify and to stress test the system at the instant when data traffic on a network is maximal. Using a real-world distributed system specification, we design and implement a prototype distributed system and describe, for that particular system, how the stress test cases are derived and executed using our methodology. The stress test results indicate that the technique is significantly more effective at detecting network traffic-related faults when compared to test cases based on an operational profile.

Traffic-aware stress testing of distributed systems based on UML models

Traffic-aware stress testing of distributed real-time systems based on UML models using genetic algorithms

INTRODUCTION TO MEASUREMENTS FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS Main Terms and Definitions Uncertainty of Measurements Standards of Electrical Quantities References CLASSIC ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS Indicating Measuring Instruments Recording and Displaying Measuring Instruments Bridge Circuits Potentiometers and Comparators References PROCESSING OF THE ANALOGUE MEASUREMENT SIGNALS Signal Conditioning Amplification of the Signals Negative Feedback in the Measuring Technique The Improvement of the Quality of the Analogue Signals References DIGITAL PROCESSING OF THE MEASUREMENT SIGNALS Analogue to Digital Converters Digital to Analogue Converters Methods and Tools of Digital Signal Processing Examples of Applications of Digital Signal Processing in Measurements Digital Measuring Instruments Intelligent Data Analysis References COMPUTER MEASURING SYSTEMS Introduction Input Circuits of the Measuring Systems Data Acquisition Circuits DAQ Data Communication in Computer Measuring Systems Measuring Systems Basing on the Signal Processors Virtual Measuring Systems The Examples of Computer Measuring Systems References GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS INDEX

Principles of Electrical Measurement

Introduction to Data Acquisition & Control Analog and Digital Signals Signal Conditioning The Personal Computer for Real Time Work Plug-in Data Acquisition Boards Serial Data Communications Distributed & Standalone Loggers/Controllers IEEE 488 Standard Ethernet & LAN Systems The Universal Serial Bus (USB) Specific Techniques The PCMCIA Card Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: IBM PC Bus Specifications Appendix C: Review of the Intel 8255 PPI Chip Appendix D: Review of the Intel 8254 Timer-Counter Chip Appendix E: Thermocouple Tables Appendix F: Numbers Systems Appendix G: GPIB (IEEE-488) Mnemonics & their Definition Appendix H: Practical Laboratories & Demonstrations Appendix I: Command Structure & Programming.

Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems

Instrumentation and control systems are highly reliant on data communications, so a working knowledge of the latest communications technologies and the essential protocols is essential for anyone designing, specifying or using instrumentation and control systems. This book is the only title on the market designed specifically for this audience. This is a comprehensive treatment of industrial data communication systems. Commencing with a thorough discussion of the popular RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 standards it then moves on to industrial protocols, industrial networks and the communication requirements for the 'smart' instrumentation which is becoming de rigeur in industry today. The book also provides a solid grounding in the various Fieldbus and DeviceNet standards on the market today. This book provides you with the knowledge to analyse, specify and debug data communications systems in the instrumentation and control environment.Key Features

 The essential guide to communications techologies and protocols for engineers designing, specifying or using instrumentation and control systems
 Provides the knowledge required to analyze, specify and debug data communication systems, introducing the latest digital technologies
 Coverage includes RS-232, RS422 and RS-485 standards, industrial networks and protocols, smart instrumentation, FieldBus and DeviceNet standards

Practical Data Communications for Instrumentation and Control

This chapter describes the main components of typical plug-in boards and their uses in a data acquisition and control system. Computer plug-in data acquisition and control boards often represent the lowest cost alternative for a complete data acquisition and control system. As they interface directly to the host computer's I/O expansion bus, they are generally compact, and represent the fastest method of gathering data and changing outputs. These boards are most commonly used in applications where the computer is close to the sensors being measured or the actuators being controlled. Alternatively, they can be interfaced to remotely located transducers and actuators via signal conditioning modules known as two-wire transmitters. Examples of plug-in boards are—analog input (A/D) boards, analog output (D/A) boards, digital I/O boards, and counter/timer I/O boards. This chapter discusses in detail important specifications associated with each classification of plug-in board. The chapter also discusses different techniques and important considerations when interfacing analog and digital input and output signals to plug-in boards, as well as different sampling techniques.

Plug-in data acquisition boards

This chapter reviews the fundamental definitions and basic principles of digital serial data communications. The chapter details two of the most popular and common interface standards used in data acquisition and control systems: RS-232 and RS-485. The RS-232 standard is designed for the connection of two devices: data terminal equipment (DTE), such as a computer or printer; and data communications equipment (DCE), such as a modem. The EIA RS-485 is the most versatile of the EIA standards, and is an expansion of the RS-422 standard. It allows up to 32 line drivers and 32 line receivers on the same line. It incorporates the advantages of balanced lines with the need for only two wires (plus signal common) cabling. RS-485 provides reliable serial communications for: distances of up to 1200 m, data rates of up to 10 Mbps, up to 32 line drivers permitted on the same line, and up to 32 line receivers permitted on the same line. This chapter also examines the most common industrial protocols, including methods for detecting errors in communication, which is an important consideration in noisy industrial environments. Troubleshooting and testing serial data communications circuits is also discussed in detail.

Serial data communications

This chapter discusses in the fundamental concepts of open systems interconnection (OSI) model. The purpose of the OSI reference model is to provide a common basis for the development of systems interconnection standards. An open system is a system that conforms to specifications and guidelines, which are “open” to all. This enables equipment from various manufacturers, who claim compliance to a standard, to be used interchangeably on a network using that standard. OSI simplifies data communications into a hierarchy of seven layers. Each layer has a defined purpose, which is dependent on and interfaces with, the layer above and below it. Standards are defined for each layer in a way that it allows some flexibility enabling system designers to develop independent protocol layers. The OSI model framework specifically and clearly defines the functions or services that have to be provided at each of the seven layers. This chapter describes data communications for instrumentation and control, and describes in detail seven layers of the OSI reference model.

Open systems interconnection model

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