All abstracts (of presentations for which complete papers were not included) Removing a diverse suite of invasive threats to recover an endangered Hawaiian bird species and its dry forest habitat (p. 406) P. C. Banko, S. Dougill, L. Gold, D. Goltz, L. Johnson, P. Oboyski, and J. Slotterback Introduced Neotropical tree frogs in the Hawaiian Islands: Control technique development and population status (p. 406) E. W. Campbell, F. Kraus, S. Joe, L. Oberhofer, R. Sugihara, D. Lease, and P. Krushelnycky Tackling tussock moths: strategies, timelines and outcomes of two programmes for eradicating tussock moths from suburbs of Auckland, New Zealand (p. 407) J. R. Clearwater Recovery of invertebrate populations on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand following http://www.hear.org/articles/turningthetide/ (6 of 8) [9/21/2004 11:35:05 AM] Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species eradication of Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) (p. 407) C. J. Green Restoration of tree weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) to a modified island (p. 407) C. J. Green Control of cats on mountain "islands", Stewart Island, New Zealand (p. 408) G. A. Harper and M. Dobbins The status of invasive ant control in the conservation of island systems (p. 408) P. D. Krushelnycky, E. Van Gelder, L. L. Loope, and R. Gillespie The effectiveness of weeded and fenced ‘Conservation Management Areas’ as a means of maintaining the threatened biodiversity of mainland Mauritius (p. 408) J. R. Mauremootoo, C. G. Jones, W. A. Strahm, M. E. Dulloo, and Y. Mungroo Preparation for the eradication of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Campbell Island, New Zealand (p. 409) P. J. McClelland Island quarantine – prevention is better than cure (p. 409) P. J. McClelland The role of parasitoids in eradication or area-wide control of tephritid fruit flies in the Hawaiian Islands (p. 410) R. H. Messing Response of forest birds to rat eradication on Kapiti Island, New Zealand (p. 410) C. Miskelly and H. Robertson Sustained control of feral goats in Egmont National Park, New Zealand (p. 410) D. M. Forsyth, J. P. Parkes, D. Choquenot, G. Reid, and D. Stronge Pacific rats: their impacts on two small seabird species in the Hen and Chickens Islands, New Zealand (p. 411) R. J. Pierce Seabird re-colonisation after cat eradication on equatorial Jarvis, Howland, and Baker Islands, USA, Central Pacific (p. 411) M. J. Rauzon, D. J. Forsell, and E. N. Flint Direct and indirect effects of house mice on declining populations of a small seabird, the ashy http://www.hear.org/articles/turningthetide/ (7 of 8) [9/21/2004 11:35:05 AM] Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species storm-petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa), on Southeast Farallon Island, California, USA (p. 412) K. L. Mills, P. Pyle, W. J. Sydeman, J. Buffa, and M. J. Rauzon Managing pest mammals at near-zero densities at sites on the New Zealand mainland (p. 412) A. Saunders Control of feral goats (Capra hircus) on Santa Catalina Island, California, USA (p. 412) P. T. Schuyler, D. Garcelon and S. Escover Control of the invasive exotic yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (p. 413) D. J. Slip Preventing rat introductions to the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, USA (p. 413) A. L. Sowls and G. V. Byrd) Ecological restoration of islands in Breaksea Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand (p. 414) B. W. Thomas [ HEAR ] [ IUCN ] [ SSC ] [ ISSG ] Comments? Questions? Send e-mail to: webmaster@hear.org This page was created on 08 September 2004 by PT, and was last updated on 09 September 2004 by PT. http://www.hear.org/articles/turningthetide/ (8 of 8) [9/21/2004 11:35:05 AM] The effects of alien invasive species on biodiversity have been described as “immense, insidious and usually irreversible” (IUCN 2000). There is no doubt that invasive species can cause severe economic and ecological damage (Mack et al. 2000). They may soon surpass habitat loss as the main cause of ecological disintegration globally (Vitousek et al. 1997, Chapin et al. 2000) and are probably already the main cause of extinctions in island ecosystems. The breaching of biogeographic boundaries by the widespread, recent human transport of species has caused rapid and radical change in biological communities, including multiple extinctions. To minimise further extinctions and other ecological changes, the most important priority is to reduce the risks of new invasions. After prevention, the next priority is to eradicate existing invasive species, where this is possible. These aims are embodied in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, which states that parties to this convention should “ prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate, those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species”. Extinction is irreversible, but there is a growing realisation that biological invasions themselves can sometimes be reversed. With good planning, adequate techniques and sustained effort, it is now possible to eradicate many types of invasive species, especially in the early stages of an invasion, or where a population is confined to an island or limited habitat. Turning the tide of biological invasion by eradicating invasive species can yield substantial benefits for biodiversity conservation, by raising opportunities for ecological restoration and the re-introduction of threatened species. It can also yield major economic benefits, by permanently removing the cause of damage to crops, livestock or native biodiversity, and obviating the need for costly perpetual control. Where feasible, eradication is typically more environmentally sound and ethically acceptable than longterm control. Sustained control may involve the perpetual use of toxins, trapping or shooting, and can entail more environmental risks and many more animal deaths than a brief eradication campaign. In this context, the recent successful action by animal ethicists to prevent the eradication of an incipient population of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy is a particularly sad example (Genovesi and Bertolino 2001). Many more squirrels will undoubtedly die in control attempts in the years to come than would have been killed in eradication of the initial population. Likely consequences of this invasion (as with so many others) are damage to crops and natural ecosystems and the decline of native species. There is a well-accepted set of conditions which must be met for the eradication of any population (Bomford and O’Brien 1995). These standard conditions for success are proper planning, a commitment to complete, putting the entire population of the target species at risk, removing them faster than they reproduce, and preventing re-invasion. Additional conditions, which are often necessary and always desirable, are support from local people and an ability to demonstrate the benefits of the eradication pro-

Turning the tide: The eradication of invasive species

The invasion of ecosystems by exotic species is currently viewed as one of the most important sources of biodiversity loss. The largest part of this loss occurs on islands, where indigenous species have often evolved in the absence of strong competition, herbivory, parasitism or predation. As a result, introduced species thrive in those optimal insular ecosystems affecting their plant food, competitors or animal prey. As islands are characterised by a high rate of endemism, the impacted populations often correspond to local subspecies or even unique species. One of the most important taxa concerning biological invasions on islands is mammals. A small number of mammal species is responsible for most of the damage to invaded insular ecosystems: rats, cats, goats, rabbits, pigs and a few others. The effect of alien invasive species may be simple or very complex, especially since a large array of invasive species, mammals and others, can be present simultaneously and interact among themselves as well as with the indigenous species. In most cases, introduced species generally have a strong impact and they often are responsible for the impoverishment of the local flora and fauna. The best response to these effects is almost always to control the alien population, either by regularly reducing their numbers, or better still, by eradicating the population as a whole from the island. Several types of methods are currently used: physical (trapping, shooting), chemical (poisoning) and biological (e.g. directed use of diseases). Each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, depending on the mammal species targeted. The best strategy is almost always to combine several methods. Whatever the strategy used, its long-term success is critically dependent on solid support from several different areas, including financial support, staff commitment, and public support, to name only a few. In many cases, the elimination of the alien invasive species is followed by a rapid and often spectacular recovery of the impacted local populations. However, in other cases, the removal of the alien is not sufficient for the damaged ecosystem to revert to its former state, and complementary actions, such as species re-introduction, are required. A third situation may be widespread: the sudden removal of the alien species may generate a further disequilibrium, resulting in further or greater damage to the ecosystem. Given the numerous and complex population interactions among island species, it is difficult to predict the outcome of the removal of key species, such as a top predator. This justifies careful pre-control study and preparation prior to initiating the eradication of an alien species, in order to avoid an ecological catastrophe. In addition, long-term monitoring of the post-eradication ecosystem is crucial to assess success and prevent reinvasion.

http://max2.ese.u-psud.fr/epc/conservation/PDFs/BiolReviews.pdf

Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact

1. Introduced predators account for a large part of the extinction of endemic insular species, which constitutes a major component of the loss of biodiversity among vertebrates. Eradication of alien predators from these ecosystems is often considered the best solution.

2. In some ecosystems, however, it can generate a greater threat for endemic prey through what is called the ‘mesopredator release’. This process predicts that, once superpredators are suppressed, a burst of mesopredators may follow which leads their shared prey to extinction.

3. This process is studied through a mathematical model describing a three species system (prey–mesopredator–superpredator). Analysis of the model, with and without control of meso- and superpredators, shows that this process does indeed exist and can drive shared prey to rapid extinction.

4. This work emphasizes that, although counter-intuitive, eradication of introduced superpredators, such as feral domestic cats, is not always the best solution to protect endemic prey when introduced mesopredators, such as rats, are also present.

Cats protecting birds: modelling the mesopredator release effect

Over the last four decades the eradication of rats from islands around New Zealand has moved from accidental eradication following the exploratory use of baits for rat control to carefully planned complex eradications of rats and cats (Felis catus) on large islands. Introduced rodents have now been eradicated from more than 90 islands. Of these successful campaigns, those on Breaksea Island, the Mercury Islands, Kapiti Island, and Tuhua Island are used here as case studies because they represent milestones for techniques used or results achieved. Successful methods used on islands range from bait stations and silos serviced on foot to aerial spread by helicopters using satellite navigation systems. The development of these methods has benefited from adaptive management. By applying lessons learned from previous operations the size, complexity, and cost effectiveness of the campaigns has gradually increased. The islands now permanently cleared of introduced rodents are being used for restoration o...

From small Maria to massive Campbell: Forty years of rat eradications from New Zealand islands

Introduced mammals are major drivers of extinction. Feral goats (Capra hircus) are particularly devastating to island ecosystems, causing direct and indirect impacts through overgrazing, which often results in ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss. Removing goat populations from islands is a powerful conservation tool to prevent extinctions and restore ecosystems. Goats have been eradicated successfully from 120 islands worldwide. With newly developed technology and techniques, island size is perhaps no longer a limiting factor in the successful removal of introduced goat populations. Furthermore,. the use of global positioning systems, geographic information systems, aerial hunting by helicopter specialized bunting dogs, and Judas goats has dramatically increased efficiency and significantly reduced the duration of eradication campaigns. Intensive monitoring programs are also critical for successful eradications. Because of the presence of humans with domestic goat populations on large islands, future island conservation actions will require eradication programs that involve local island inhabitants in a collaborative approach with biologists, sociologists, and educators. Given the clear biodiversity benefits, introduced goat populations should be routinely removed from islands.

/pdf/feral-goat-eradications-on-islands-4q5pka80bo.pdf

Feral Goat Eradications on Islands

Feral goat control in New Zealand

Of the 15 populations of feral cattle in New Zealand known in the late 1980s, several have been eradicated, often because of the potential cattle have to act as a reservoir for bovine tuberculosis. On the other hand, several new populations have established or been recorded since 1990. In the North Island, a few feral cattle still exist at Warawara, Waipoua, Raetea, and Te Paki in Northland, in the eastern Raukumara Ranges, in the Whenuakura/Moeawatea area in inland Taranaki. Herds at Puketi, Ahipara, and Brynderwyn in Northland, and those in the Coromandel Ranges have been removed. In the South Island, a few remain in the Whataroa, but populations in the Wanganui, Big Bay, and Haupiri areas in Westland, and that on Farewell Spit, have been removed. The feral herd of Shorthorn cattle on Enderby Island was eradicated by 1990. One cow and her calf that survived the first cull, and epididymal sperm from nine bulls that were shot, were returned to New Zealand in an attempt to preserve the genetic line. The calf died. Several attempts to impregnate the cow (Lady) failed, but finally a bull calf was produced using in vitro fertilisation (Wells et al. 1998). Somatic cells from Lady were cloned, resulting in 22 embryos and two calves, of which one survived. The technique could be used to maintain the Enderby Island breed by using frozen sperm from the deceased island bulls and cloned cows (Wells etal. 1998).

Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: Feral livestock

Feral goats (Capra hircus) have been eradicated from 16 offshore islands of New Zealand but remain on a further seven. To achieve eradication, four conditions must be met: all animals must be at risk; there must be no recolonisation; the harvesting rate must exceed the rate of increase of the population; and those attempting the task must believe it possible. These conditions, and the costs and hunting efforts involved, are described for a successful but inefficient campaign, an unsuccessful but efficient campaign, and a long term sustained control campaign that might be changed to an eradication attempt. Six conclusions are reached: policies of eradication are counterproductive unless they are possible; short, intensive campaigns are best; managers should measure and record costs, efforts, and kills to improve planning; cynics are useful if only to check claims of success; campaigns should concentrate on one pest at a time; and eradication campaigns must be funded separately from those requiring...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03036758.1990.10416824

Eradication of feral goats on islands and habitat islands

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Feral goat control in New Zealand

Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: Feral livestock

Eradication of feral goats on islands and habitat islands