We describe NetEffect, a highly-scalable architecture for developing, supporting and managing large, media-rich, 3D virtual worlds used by several thousand geographically dispersed users using low-end computers (PCs) and modems. NetEffect partitions a whole virtual world into communities, allocates these communities among a set of servers, and migrates clients from one server to another as clients move through the communities. It devotes special attention to minimizing the network traffic, in particular, the traftic that must go through servers. HistoryCity, a virtual world for children, has been developed on NetEffect and is currently being beta-tested for deployment in Singapore.

/pdf/neteffect-a-network-architecture-for-large-scale-multi-user-287w6b1m2h.pdf

NetEffect: a network architecture for large-scale multi-user virtual worlds

We describe a system for off-line production and real-time playback of motion for articulated human figures in 3D virtual environments The key notion are (1) the logical storage of full-body motion in posture graphs, which provides a simple motion access method for playback, and (2) mapping the motions of high DOF figures to lower DOF figures using slaving to provide human models at several levels of detail, both in geometry and articulation, for later playback We present our system in the context of a simple problem: animating human figures in a distributed simulation, using DIS protocols for communicating the human state information We also discuss several related techniques for real-time animation of articulated figures in visual simulation

/pdf/production-and-playback-of-human-figure-motion-for-visual-3h40uv8gl2.pdf

Production and playback of human figure motion for visual simulation

This paper describes NetEffect, an infrastructure for developing, supporting, and managing large, media-rich, 3-D social virtual worlds for use by several thousand geographically-dispersed users using low-end computers (PCs) and modems. It has been modularized into six components, in the form of a toolkit, which simplifies the development of network-based virtual worlds. NetEffect partitions a whole virtual world into communities, allocates these communities among a set of servers, and migrates clients from one server to another as clients move through the communities. It devotes special attention to minimizing the network traffic, particularly the traffic that must go through servers. HistoryCity, a virtual world for children, has been developed on NetEffect, which is being beta-tested for deployment in Singapore.

Developing social virtual worlds using NetEffect

A dead reckoning mechanism allows one to reduce network bandwidth utilization considerably. As available bandwith is the key problem for large distributed interactive simulation (DIS) systems, we expect that a dead reckoning mechanism will allow us to increase the number of entities involved in a DIS exercise. In this paper, we model a dead reckoning mechanism and we present an evaluation of its performance. Such a mechanism reduces the number of program data units (PDUs) exchanged during the simulation, but it also completely changes the nature of the stochastic process which models the arrival of PDUs. Indeed, it adds some kind of sporadicity. We present some measurements on a DIS simulator which exhibits such a behaviour. Then we investigate the effects of such a mechanism in terms of response time and the number of allowed entities using a simulation tool. Finally, some extensions towards the numerical resolution of a large Markov chain associated with the problem are presented.

Performance evaluation of a dead reckoning mechanism

Current virtual environment systems are, for the most part, dedicated to specific applications such as engineering or surgery. The CRYSTAL project applied the concept of crystals, or 3D “windows,” to segment the virtual world into independent volumes, which may interact with each other. The contents of individual crystals can be very different from crystal to crystal, so the resulting virtual environment VE is not restricted to any unique context, and it is suitable as a general-purpose workspace. Crystals are created and owned by independent programs called modules, which serve as functional elements of the VE. There are basic modules to provide common functions, such as navigation, wand control, and so on. Extra modules can be launched to add content and functionality to the VE, and the modules can also be terminated interactively. Unlike “pipelined” systems for VE design, CRYSTAL modules are designed to self-assemble and resolve any interface conflicts automatically. As a result, they do not place a high demand on user proficiency in customizing VEs for a variety of uses.

Crystal: Building multicontext virtual environments

Four challenges to building large networked virtual environments NVEs are ever-increasing complexity, fidelity, scalability, and portability. We require a powerful, flexible, efficient, portable software infrastructure to overcome these challenges. We examine one such example, software infrastructure, which is currently the basis of dozens of NVE efforts. Its use of modern object-oriented inheritance and its use of an interpreted configuration programming language meet these requirements while achieving the efficiency to support thousands of entities on current-generation hardware.

The vr-linktm networked virtual environment software infrastructure

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The vr-linktm networked virtual environment software infrastructure