Low-carbon robust economic dispatch of park-level integrated energy system considering price-based demand response and vehicle-to-grid

Low-Carbon Robust Economic Dispatch of Park-Level Integrated Energy System Considering Price-Based Demand Response and Vehicle-to-Grid

Most countries tend to largely exploit renewable energy resources for economic and environmental reasons. In modern electrical networks, wind penetration has been tremendously increased. This phenomenon has triggered an accelerating advance in wind technology with huge industry investments. Nowadays, increasing wind penetration without endangering power system reliability and security becomes a serious issue. Due to the significant uncertainty and variation of wind power generation (WPG), increasing wind penetration levels leads to frequency variation, voltage instability, and exceeding the transmission capacity limitations. To override the aforementioned problems, it becomes crucial either to “spill” wind or add a new dispatchable generation and/or storage systems. Performing a new dispatch provides an additional regulation and load following services. Recently, a significant amount of wind power spillage (WPS) exists in practice especially with high penetration level of WPG. Actually, WPS signifies the amount of the unused WPG because of technical problems such as grid congestion and lack of spinning reserve as well as during lower demand periods. WPS greatly lower the capacity factor of the wind power plant and lower its value. Over the last decade, possible mitigation strategies to solve the WPS problem have been tackled and conducted. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the WPS problem and state-of-the-art solutions to minimize WPS without compromising the power system's stability and secure operation. Additionally, the real applications, challenges, and future trends in the WPS research area are explored. 

A comprehensive review on wind power spillage: Reasons, minimization techniques, real applications, challenges, and future trends

Real time aggregation control of P2H loads in a virtual power plant based on a multi-period Stackelberg game

Wind power curtailment becomes a major problem in many countries. The wind accommodation mechanisms and energy saving potentials for the combined heat and power plant with thermal energy storage, electric heat pump and both should be evaluated more systematically and accurately to accommodate more wind power. Heat-power peak shaving capacities for thermal energy storage, electric heat pump and both are analyzed using a graphical method, while the operation strategy is proposed to maximize wind accommodation. A simulation model for wind power accommodation considering the energy balances and constraints of all production units is developed based on EnergyPRO. A regional energy supply system in Jilin Province, China is selected as the case study, where the influences of different peak shaving technologies and their parameters on the wind accommodation and energy saving are studied. The wind curtailment ratio is reduced from 20.31% to 13.04% and 7.51% with thermal energy storage and electric heat pump respectively, and it is further reduced to 4.21% with both. Systems with electric heat pump can save energy from 1.1% to 5.8% with different parameters of the peak shaving devices. It was found that electric heat pump has better accommodation capability than that of thermal energy storage. Wind accommodation can be improved by adding thermal energy storage to electric heat pump, but the effect gradually decreases as the storage size increases. Electric heat pump can increase the system’s energy efficiency, but it is not always energy efficient by adding thermal energy storage to electric heat pump. In fact, thermal energy storage should not be too large, otherwise the system’s energy efficiency will be reduced. 

Heat-power peak shaving and wind power accommodation of combined heat and power plant with thermal energy storage and electric heat pump

As the share of VRE (variable renewable energy) has grown rapidly, curtailment issues have arisen worldwide. This paper evaluates and compares curtailment situations in selected countries using an objective and quantitative evaluation tool named the “C-E map” (curtailment-energy share map). The C-E map is a correlation map between curtailment ratios that mean curtailed wind (or solar) energy per available energy and energy shares of wind (or solar). The C-E map can draw a historical trend curve in a given country/area, as an at-a-glance tool to enable historical and/or international comparison. The C-E map also can classify the given countries/areas into several categories, according to the current levels of curtailment ratio and historical trends. The C-E map helps institutional and objective understanding of curtailment for non-experts including policy makers. 

C-E (curtailment – Energy share) map: An objective and quantitative measure to evaluate wind and solar curtailment

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C-E (curtailment – Energy share) map: An objective and quantitative measure to evaluate wind and solar curtailment